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The Guardian Way – January 2026

Posted on January 6, 2026 by bill.costanzo

Freeze Miser attached to a Y reduces the need to leave water running or wrap all of your pipes. AgriLife photo courtesy of www.lowes.com, 2025

Hopefully, everyone had a great Christmas and New Year’s last month. If you follow us on Facebook, you should have seen a couple of posts about making your LGD’s Christmas a little brighter, which should have made you smile. We also posted about some New Year’s Resolutions from the dogs at the AgriLife Center.

With the chilly weather coming soon to Texas, we encourage you to check your dogs’ BCS and make sure they and livestock have areas to protect themselves from wind, rain, sleet, and possibly snow that comes for a few weeks each year. You may want to install some Freeze Misers if you have not already. Those things have worked great for me the past couple of years, and I would definitely recommend them over wrapping up valves with foam. There is probably still a need to cover exposed pipes, as I do not yet fully trust those devices.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

Dr. Katherine Lord presented another great webinar on November 20th. Dr. Lord shared data from the Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project’s working dog collection. She reviewed some interesting findings on DNA and also spoke about a new project that will start soon. We strongly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog projects to help gather data on several types of working dog breeds. You can watch it on our YouTube channel @TAMUlivestockguarddog.

Our next webinar is scheduled for February 19^th at 3 pm. This quarter’s webinar will be on the Pyrenean Mastiff breed of LGDs and will be presented by James Desana. Check our Facebook page @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information as the event gets closer, and visit the Center’s events page to register.

What is a Livestock Guardian Dog?

This month, we conclude a two-part series explaining LGDs, or livestock guardian dogs, bred to defend livestock from predators. These medium-to-large dogs, often weighing over 100 pounds, mainly protect sheep and goats. In some areas, LGDs also guard native birds, cattle, or poultry. Ranchers in regions with wolves and bears rely heavily on these dogs to protect their livestock.

Guarding Behaviors

LGDs display a variety of behaviors shaped by centuries of selective breeding. During the day, they may patrol or rest near the herd, while in

LGD Larry a Maremma at a cooperating producers ranch. Maremma tend to stay close to their charges. Photo courtesy of Costanzo, 2020.

the mornings and evenings, they are typically most active. Barking serves as their main deterrent, escalating from distant alarm calls to aggressive posturing if threats get too close. When needed, they will directly confront intruding predators. Guardians also vary in how they patrol. Some stay close to their charges, others circle along fence lines, and many switch between both patterns. When multiple dogs work together, they often divide roles to create a coordinated defense.

Behavioral Traits and Prey Drive

Effective LGDs differ significantly from hunting or herding dogs. They are selected for their low prey drive, which reduces the likelihood of chasing or harming livestock. Instead, their behavior is based on protective pack instincts, viewing the livestock as part of their social group. Extension programs emphasize three main traits: vigilance, protective response, and reliability with stock. A good guardian dog should be alert to its environment, quick to deter threats, and dependable in its interactions with animals and people.

Development and Neoteny

Canine evolution through domestication has prolonged neoteny, the retention of juvenile traits into adulthood. In LGDs, this is evident not only in their behavior but also in their physical appearance. Many guardian breeds retain features such as floppy ears, curled tails, and softer expressions, which distinguish them from wolves or coyotes. These traits may help livestock accept them more easily as “not-predators,” reinforcing their role within the herd.

Delayed fear responses are another result of neoteny. While wild canids develop fear of strangers within weeks, LGDs stay open to forming social bonds for several months. This extended period allows for closer interaction with livestock and the development of lifelong bonds.

Lessons from Research on Predatory Patterns

Adolescent LGD Curly chasing stock at the AgriLife Center. Photo courtesy of Costanzo 2020

Coppinger’s studies showed how early experiences influence behavior. In one example, a Border Collie puppy raised directly with sheep struggled later as a working herding dog because it did not develop the sustained focus typical of its breed. This demonstrates how rearing environments during sensitive periods can change or suppress specific behavioral patterns.

Coppinger also noticed that some LGDs briefly show parts of the predatory chase sequence. If pups are removed or corrected quickly, however, this behavior usually disappears for good. This emphasizes the need for careful management during puppyhood to prevent unwanted predatory behaviors from becoming reinforced.

Finally, Coppinger highlighted that successful guardian breeds are those with inherently weak predatory sequences. In these dogs, behaviors like chasing that are not rewarded tend to disappear during development, making them dependable protectors instead of hunters.

Livestock guardian dogs are an ancient, specialized tool that continues to play a vital role in modern livestock farming. Their effectiveness relies not only on centuries of selective breeding but also on careful management during their early months. Proper bonding, socialization, and training ensure that LGDs become attentive, protective, and dependable guardians. When managed well, these dogs help reduce predation, enhance flock security, and strengthen the bond between livestock producers and their herds.

Adult Dogs and Bonding Project Update

Round 7 Pups

The pups did not do well with the pasture move we made in early November. Two of the pups (Duke and Dozer) decided to meet some of our adult LGDs in a neighboring pasture. The four dogs then found a fallen gate and traveled to Angelo State pastures to visit the LGDs they have. Luckily, we had some hunts during the month, which allowed frequent kennel visits of 4 to 5 days, which stopped the roaming and visits. We also moved the dogs back to their original pasture locations, which has helped prevent Duke and Dozer’s roaming behavior. Sometimes it may be best to leave things that are not broken alone!

The Duke and Dozers travels during one day in November when they decided to visit their neighbors! AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo, 2025.

The pups have been doing well now that they have settled back down in their old pasture locations. They are getting big and staying close to the cattle except when one of our other LGDs at the Center comes for a visit. This has caused the pups to hang out with those dogs a few times, but we are working through those issues and patching holes in the fences.

If you are in Dalham County, TX, Cimarron County, OK, or Union County, NM, and are interested in participating in this unique project, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu.

In closing

Do you have any feedback about this article, or would you like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops? Please do not hesitate to contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

Texas A&M AgriLife provides equal opportunities in its programs and employment to all persons, regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, genetic information, veteran status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating.

The Guardian Way – December 2025

Posted on December 2, 2025 by bill.costanzo

I decided to write a second part to the Christmas Guardian story this year. If you missed the last one, please go back to our December 2024 issue. So many of you reached out to me last year about the story that I decided to make it an annual article each December. I hope you enjoy Gus the LGD’s travels again this year. We continue our normal format and finish our two-part article on “What is a Livestock Guardian Dog” in our January issue! I hope everyone has a Merry Christmas and a great New Year’s!

The Christmas Guardian: Year Two

Snow once again blanketed the rolling hills of the Harris Ranch, covering the fences and cedar posts in a glittering coat of white. The wind carried the scent of hay and livestock, and in the distance, a deep, steady bark echoed through the crisp December air.

It was Gus.

Gus and his mentor Duke on the Harris Ranch protecting livestock. The AgriLife picture is courtesy of ChatGPT and Costanzo, 2025.

Now a year older, Gus had grown into a powerful, confident livestock guardian dog. His thick white coat rippled in the cold wind, and his deep bark carried authority. He was no longer the unsure pup of last winter; he was now the primary protector of the ranch.

Duke, his old mentor, watched proudly from his resting spot near the barn. The old Great Pyrenees had retired; his limp still slowed him down, but he kept a watchful eye on Gus and the pastures. “You’ve come a long way, kid,” Duke rumbled. “Just don’t let your guard down. Winter brings more than snow.”

Gus wagged his tail and gave a confident woof. “I’ve got it, Duke. You rest easy.”

The ranch had grown since last Christmas. The Harris family now raised not only cattle but also a flock of sheep and a small herd of goats. Gus took to them quickly, spending his nights under the stars, his white fur blending perfectly with the flock.

On Christmas Eve, the ranch was alive with lights and laughter. Mrs. Harris was baking pies again, and Mr. Harris was finishing chores in the barn, humming a Christmas tune. The children were excitedly hanging stockings by the fire. It looked like it was a peaceful holiday.

But out in the pastures, danger was stirring. The cold had driven coyotes and even a lone mountain lion closer to the ranch. Gus had been hearing strange cries for two nights in a row and had been on edge. That evening, as snow began to fall thick and fast, Gus caught a scent that made his fur bristle.

He lifted his head, ears sharp. Something was near the goat pen.

Without hesitation, Gus bolted across the snowy field. The sheep huddled close together, nervous but trusting their guardian. As Gus neared the pen, he saw movement, two coyotes creeping low under the fence while the mountain lion circled above the ridge, waiting for the right moment to pounce.

Gus let out a thunderous bark that shattered the silence. The coyotes froze, eyes glowing in the dark. The mountain lion snarled, startled by the bold sound. Gus charged forward, his deep bark echoing through the valley. He positioned himself between the flock and the predators, his stance unflinching.

From the barn, Duke heard the noise and hobbled to the door. He barked deeply, adding his voice to the fight. “Hold your ground, Gus! Make them think you’re bigger than the mountain itself!”

Gus barked again and again, refusing to back down. The coyotes yipped and scattered into the snow, while the mountain lion hesitated, then turned and vanished into the darkness.

Moments later, Mr. Harris came running with a rifle and a flashlight. “Gus! What’s happening?” he called, scanning the snow. When he saw Gus standing tall, the sheep and goats safely behind him, relief covered his face.

“You did it again, boy,” he said, kneeling to rub Gus’s thick neck. “You saved Christmas for all of us.”

Back at the barn, Duke greeted Gus with a proud wag of his tail. “I told you, you were ready,” he said with a warm, rumbling chuckle. Gus leaned against him, tired but happy.

When morning came, the ranch sparkled in the sunlight. The livestock grazed calmly, and the Harris family gathered around Gus and Duke with extra treats and warm praise. Mrs. Harris even slipped a bow around Gus’s neck, laughing. “Our Christmas hero, two years running.”

That night, as the fire crackled and snowflakes danced outside, Gus lay beside Duke near the hearth. Duke’s head rested on his paws, his eyes half closed. “You’ve got it from here, kid,” he murmured.

Gus gave a soft bark and looked toward the window, where the stars glowed over the peaceful ranch he’d sworn to protect. Christmas was safe again, and as long as he stood guard, it always would be.

In the distance, the faint words of “Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good night!” could be heard. Until next year, Merry Christmas, everyone!

In closing

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – November 2025

Posted on November 10, 2025 by bill.costanzo

With colder weather approaching, now is a crucial time to ensure your LGDs are in proper body condition. Dogs are rated using a one-to-nine body condition scoring system developed by Purina Mills. The ideal BCS for an LGD is 4.5 on the scale, with most dogs falling between 3.5 and 5 throughout the year. As spring approaches, we recommend that your LGDs have a BCS of at least 5 so they can keep up with predators during lambing and kidding season. Dogs are scored similarly to other animals, with a focus on their ribs and backs. Working dogs should have a “tuck” from the rear of their chest to their hips, which typically indicates a score of 4.5. No ribs or spinal bones should be visible from a distance, but should be felt with light pressure when touched.

If your LGDs are currently rated below a BCS 4, additional feeding is recommended. Depending on their size, kenneling may be necessary for one to two weeks to help them gain extra weight. Predation should remain very light or nonexistent during this time, as it takes time for your LGDs’ scent marking to fade from their territory. You will lose more animals from a thin dog in the spring that can’t do its job properly than you will by kenneling it for a couple of weeks to help it gain weight.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

The Texas LGD Association held a field day on October 25 at the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame in Waco. The event took place from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and featured workshops, vendors, and dog breeders. The in-person association meeting was canceled due to technical issues. Morning refreshments and lunch were provided with registration. Speakers at the event included myself, Dr. John Tomecek, AgriLife Research Wildlife Specialist, and Sky Toney from Noble Research Institute. Several vendors were also present on site.

We have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present at our webinar on November 20th at 3 pm CST. Dr. Lord will share data from Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project’s working dog collection, of which she is a member. We strongly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project to help gather data on various types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information, and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register.

What is a Livestock Guardian Dog?

This month, we will explore what a livestock guardian dog is in a two-part series. A livestock guardian dog, or LGD, is a dog specially bred to protect livestock from predators. These dogs are medium to large, often weighing over 100 pounds. They are most commonly used to guard sheep, goats, and poultry, but more ranchers are now using them to protect cattle as well. In some areas, LGDs have even been deployed to guard native bird populations. In regions with large predators like wolves and bears, cattle ranchers also rely heavily on these dogs.

LGDs live full-time with the animals they protect, becoming part of the flock or herd. Their guarding instinct is primarily innate, strengthened by close bonding with livestock at a young age. Unlike herding dogs, which guide the movement of animals, LGDs blend in with the herd and aim to deter threats. Many LGD breeds were traditionally chosen to match the coat colors of the animals they guarded in Europe: white for those among wool sheep, and fawn, spotted, or darker shades for dogs guarding goats or hair sheep.

Historical Background

“Wild dogs of the Abruzzi”, 1883. Photo courtesy of www.janedogs.com, 2025

The use of guardian dogs is an ancient practice, with written references dating back to Roman times, over 2,000 years ago. Roman sources described several types of dogs, including mastiff-like guardians and shepherd dogs, some of which were large animals kept among flocks to protect them against predators. This demonstrates that the concept of protective dogs accompanying livestock has a deep historical foundation.

Scholars often suggest that modern LGD breeds originated from regional mixes of mastiff-type dogs and early shepherd dogs. This blending may explain the variation seen within breed standards today, including differences in head shape, coat, and body size. Over centuries, various cultures refined these landrace populations into effective guardians, adapting them to local conditions.

LGDs in the United States

In the U.S., the large-scale use of LGDs began in the 1980s through the research of Dr. Raymond Coppinger and his colleagues. Their work

Dr. Raymond Coppinger and an LGD. Photo courtesy of Predator-Friendly- Ranching.blogspot.com, 2025

introduced and tested European guardian breeds on American ranches, laying the foundation for current LGD programs. Unlike in Europe, where shepherds often guide dogs alongside flocks on open rangelands, American LGDs typically guard independently within perimeter or cross-fenced areas. These dogs are intelligent and independent, requiring minimal direction once they reach maturity, typically between 18 and 24 months old. However, their long-term success heavily depends on proper bonding and management during the first months of life.

Lifespan, Bonding, and Roaming Challenges

Producer surveys indicate that many LGDs do not reach old age, as many are removed from service or lost before six years. The main causes are accidents, culling due to poor performance, and roaming. Specifically, roaming is often linked to weak early bonds with livestock. To reduce these risks, LGDs should be introduced to the herd as early as possible, ideally within the first few weeks of life. During this early socialization period, regular contact with the animals they are meant to guard is crucial. This helps establish strong bonds and decreases the likelihood of future problems, such as aggression toward stock or excessive roaming.

Bonding and Training Practices

LGD Johnny with his charges in a bonding pen. Photo courtesy of Costanzo, 2020.

The imprinting process in LGDs is believed to be mainly guided by smell, although sight and sound also play a role. The critical bonding period occurs between three and sixteen weeks of age. Pups should be introduced to livestock during this time and stay close to them for at least six months. Daily supervision and basic training are essential during this period. Puppies need to learn to remain calm around livestock, respond to basic commands, and accept human handling. Many producers find it helpful to pair young dogs with experienced guardians, who model proper behavior and help correct mistakes. Even with this support, most LGDs are not considered fully reliable until they reach about two years of age.

Adult Dogs and Bonding Project Update

Round 7 Pups

The pups are doing well. We moved their pastures around to ensure that they are actually bonded to the cattle as a species, rather than to the specific cattle they are training with. So far, the move has gone smoothly, and the dogs have acclimated to the new pastures and the cattle. The overall project to protect the swift foxes in northern Texas is progressing well, and the dogs will be placed on cooperating producer ranches in March 2026. This is a bit longer than we have done in the past, but the lead professor is having difficulties finding producers to participate. If you ranch and have land in the Rita Blanca National Grasslands in Dalham County, TX, Cimarron County, OK, or Union County, NM, and are interested in participating in this unique project, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLif e Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way: October 2025

Posted on October 6, 2025 by bill.costanzo

The weather has been getting cooler, and fall is definitely on its way. Now is the time to ensure your LGD is getting plenty of feed and regaining any body condition lost during the hot summer. Your dogs should be a BCS of 4.5 to 5 going into winter! You may need to increase the protein and fat content of the kibble to make this adjustment.

Grooming is also important at this time of year, as your LGD will be shedding its summer coat to prepare for winter. I have found that a good old-fashioned horse curry comb and a deshedding rake work the best to remove most of the dead hair from their coats.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

The Texas LGD Association is hosting a field day on October 25 at the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame in Waco. The event runs from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and will feature workshops, vendors, dog breeders, and an in-person association meeting. Lunch will be included with registration. You can register online at www.texaslgdassoc.org. They will have several speakers at the event, including myself and Dr. John Tomecek, AgriLife Research Wildlife Specialist. Vendors and dog breeders will also be on site.

We have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present at our webinar on November 20^th at 3 pm CST. Dr. Lord will share data from Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project’s working dog collection, of which she is a member. We highly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project to help gather data on all types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

We are finishing our six-part series on training LGDs this month. Our final segment will cover how to prevent aggression toward new livestock by an LGD and how to prevent livestock from being overly aggressive toward LGDs.

Prevent LGDs from Being Aggressive to Livestock

If an LGD acts aggressively towards livestock, it views the livestock as a threat. The dog is likely more bonded to people than livestock. It can be challenging to change a pup’s behavior, especially as they get older. Dogs that have passed adolescence will never be trustworthy around livestock. Dogs can learn to accept livestock in their territory if they are introduced slowly over time. These exercises may take days, weeks, and months to change the dog’s behavior.

When training LGDs to overcome their aggression towards livestock, it is essential to start the training away from the livestock to keep the

E-collar used for correcting older or stubborn dogs. AgriLife photo courtesy of Invirox 2024.

dog calm. Gradually, during these training sessions, move closer to the livestock. If the dog begins acting aggressively or threateningly towards the livestock and can no longer be distracted by the training, it is too close; in such cases, it is best to back away and try again. Remember, just as with previous training as a puppy, keep the training sessions short, between 5 and 15 minutes, and always end on a positive note with a reward for the dog. This positive reinforcement will motivate the dog for the next session. An e-collar may be needed if the dog has already reached maturity.

Prevent Livestock from Being Aggressive to LGDs

Bonding pen with panel at rear to give a safe area for the puppy to retreat to. AgriLife photo courtesy Walker 2017.

Sometimes, producers have livestock that are aggressive toward the LGDs. For example, ranchers may have a Billy goat who constantly tries to ram the dog. This is unacceptable, especially if the dogs are puppies. An aggressive animal could seriously injure a puppy, or the behavior could prevent it from bonding with the animals. If this situation is not corrected, it can cause the puppy to become aggressive toward livestock as an adult.

In the event of aggressive behavior from the livestock towards the LGD puppy, providing a safe space for the puppy to retreat to in the bonding pen is crucial. We strongly recommend that producers install cellular game cameras in their bonding pens to monitor the livestock for any signs of aggression towards the LGD puppy. This proactive approach ensures the puppy’s safety and helps correct any aggressive behavior before it becomes problematic. It is also advisable to remove overly aggressive animals from the bonding and training areas unless they are needed to curb unruly adolescent behavior.

Introducing New Stock to an LGD

Once the livestock guardian dogs have been trained and are living happily with their herd or flock, be careful introducing new livestock into the herd. Dogs may keep new stock separated from the herd as they do not realize the animals are their new charges. Additionally, new types of animals should be introduced slowly to the LGD.

When introducing new livestock, let the dogs observe them unloaded from the vehicle into a holding area. Let the dogs sniff and greet the new livestock while on a leash. Treat the new livestock with care when introducing the dogs to them. When introducing the new livestock into the pastures with the dogs, supervise to ensure they are not separating the animals or acting uncertain about them. Instruct the dogs with a “NO” if they try to move the new animals away.

We recommend bonding an LGD puppy to multiple species and rotating the livestock every three to four weeks in the bonding pens. Multispecies bonding helps eliminate the problem of introducing new livestock to the ranch when the puppies are adult dogs.

Adult Dogs and Bonding Project Update

Round 7 Pups

Duke and Dozer hanging out with their calves in a training pasture. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita, 2025

The Maremma pups (Diesel, Duke, Dozer, and Delta) appear to be well-bonded to the cattle in this project. All of the pups are staying in their pastures with the calves. Hopefully, once they are placed on the cooperating producers’ ranches in March, they will stay with their cattle and help push the coyotes out of the area, allowing the swift fox population to rebound.

Most of the adult dogs at the Center are doing well. Dasher moved out to the Reach Ranch with Lily to protect the livestock there. Blitzen decided to go for a wandering walk last month and left the Martin Ranch to travel over 5 miles east before stopping at a producer’s headquarters. It took several days to recover him, but he is back now and safe again. We are not sure why he left, but he definitely traveled a good distance.

Thelma has been in the kennel at the Center recovering from Ehrlichiosis-related issues for the last six weeks. I think we will be retiring soon. She has had several bouts with the disease, and she is taking a while to regain weight this time. We strongly recommend that producers use a high-quality flea and tick product and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for reapplication times. Prevention is the only way to stop this devastating disease in LGDs. Her spirits are up, and she spends time with livestock in the road pens during the day but is in the kennel at night.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

Do you have any feedback about this article, or would you like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops? Do not hesitate to get in touch with me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – September 2025

Posted on September 12, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Last month, the AgriLife Center in San Angelo hosted its annual field day on August 15th, with over 100 people attending the event. It was

Waylon waiting in a pen at the Expo. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita, 2025.

followed by the two-day AgriLife Extension, which hosted the annual Sheep and Goat Expo in San Angelo at the Spur Arena. The event featured workshops, demonstrations, and guest speakers from across the US. A tradeshow was also part of the event, with vendors exhibiting equipment, supplies, and different breeds of sheep and goats.

I gave a workshop and demonstration on grooming LGDs at the Expo this year. LGD Waylon got to visit everyone at the Expo and enjoyed the time away from the Center. He got lots of pets and a few treats as well while he was waiting to be used in my grooming demonstration.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

The Texas LGD Association is hosting a field day on October 25 at the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame in Waco. The event runs from 9 am to 5 pm and will feature workshops, vendors, dog breeders, and an in-person association meeting. Lunch will be included with registration. You can register online at www.texaslgdassoc.org.

We also have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present at our November webinar. Dr. Lord will share data from Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project’s working dog collection, of which she is a member. We highly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project to help gather data on all types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

Here is part four of a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable”? This month, we will cover how to train an LGD with livestock.

Training LGDs for Livestock

Training LGDs to oversee livestock isn’t common everywhere. Dogs and livestock have unique personalities that require flexible training

LGD puppy not wanting to leash train. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo, 2021.

methods. Some dogs naturally adapt to living with livestock and bond quickly, while others may struggle to understand that they can’t interact with the livestock the same way as their littermates. Bonding and training the puppy at the same time is crucial because puppies are more likely to learn commands when they’re young. Additionally, LGDs need to be bonded with livestock between 5 and 14 weeks old. Knowing this will help you prepare for the important early stages of LGD training.

Similarly, each type of livestock has its own temperament. Some may readily accept the dogs, while others may show aggression. Producers should be prepared for these challenges and understand that patience and creativity are essential to overcoming them. These are not obstacles but opportunities to demonstrate resilience and resourcefulness in training. Your creativity can be a powerful tool, inspiring innovative solutions to these challenges. Additionally, for those new to LGDs, starting fresh is often the most difficult part. Once a producer has some trained LGDs working with livestock, introducing and training new puppies becomes much easier. Not only will the puppies naturally mimic the behavior of the trained LGDs, but the trained LGDs might also “correct” them by growling or pinning them to the ground when they misbehave.

Although these dogs are meant to live in packs, we recommend starting with one weaned puppy and adding a second dog once the first is fully mature. A single dog bonds more easily with the livestock, and it’s simpler to train one puppy than two. Pairs of puppies can feed off each other’s energy, causing twice as many problems with the livestock as a single dog. Additionally, a single dog tends to stay closer to the herd for security.

There are many ways to train LGDs, and we are sharing the method that works best for our operation. Others may argue that leash-training or acclimating a dog to riding in a vehicle is unnecessary. What follows are step-by-step instructions. Producers should modify these instructions based on the animals’ individual personalities and specific needs. These steps are designed for someone new to LGDs who needs a mentor to help train puppies.

How to Train LGDs for Livestock

Weaned puppies on their way to a bonding pen at the AgriLife Center. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo 2022.

Start on limited obedience training immediately. Train them to remain calm and avoid jumping, chasing, or biting people. Puppies can be trained in the area where they are being bonded to livestock. Bonding is different from training a pup. Bonding refers to the puppy creating a relationship with livestock. Training involves human interaction to teach the puppy how to behave and follow commands.

Purchase an 8-week-old weaned puppy. Allow the puppy to acclimate to its new home and get used to the livestock right away. At this stage, the puppy is old enough to be placed in a bonding pen on its own.
We start leash and tether training with puppies at nine weeks old and give them vehicle rides for 5-10 minutes each week. Begin with just two minutes of leash and tether training twice a week. Take the puppy on walks around the bonding pen and property to help it learn to walk on a leash. Always call them by their name and reward the puppy when it comes to you, and if it walks well on the leash. Also, the tether and vehicle training.
Gradually extend leash and tether training sessions over time. We add two minutes to the training each week during the bonding period, which ends at six months of age. Although the puppies have already bonded with the livestock by fourteen weeks, they still need to learn how to behave around them. The pup also needs enough time to master obedience training thoroughly.
Keep pups calm around livestock with obedience training. Learn the dogs’ body language to prevent excitement. Recognize their cues and stop unwanted behavior before it begins. Distract them with training as soon as they show signs of misbehaving or becoming overly excited near the livestock.
Training should be conducted with the main livestock group to help them get accustomed to the new puppy. Bring the pup into the pasture on a leash so it can meet the other animals, which helps build a bond. Keep the puppy calm during this process. Correct the pup if it starts barking or lunging at the animals. Once it behaves well, reward it with treats and attention.
When the puppy is calm, allow the livestock to approach it. If they seem unsure about the puppy, approach them slowly and gently. Let
LGD puppy dragging its leash during training with livestock. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo, 2019.

both the livestock and the puppy smell each other. If the puppy gets too excited, redirect its attention with training commands. If the livestock run away, it means they’re not ready to meet the puppy yet. It’s important to introduce the livestock to the dog gradually. The best way is to take small steps to help them become accustomed to the puppy. This process might take several weeks, but gradual training will make it easier to remove the puppy from the bonding pen once the main herd is comfortable with it. t. t.
Once the puppy and livestock are comfortable with each other, let the puppy walk on a leash. You can then loosen the leash so the puppy can move freely. We suggest using a long lead to quickly control the puppy if it starts to chase or play with the livestock. This helps ensure the safety of both the puppy and the livestock.
Once the pup does well, lose the leash and remove it. Producers must supervise the pup off-leash until they are confident the pup will not exhibit poor behavior when left unattended. The same is true of the livestock – do not leave the pup alone with them until you are sure that none of them will exhibit bad behavior toward the dog. This supervision is crucial for maintaining control and ensuring the safety of both the puppy and the livestock.

Bonding Project Update

Duke and Dozer running to greet their charges. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita, 2025

Round 7 Pups

The pups are all doing well and have been released with their cattle into two training pastures at the Center. Diesel and Delta are bonded well to their cattle and have been staying close to them. The other two pups, Dozer and Duke, have been staying in their pasture, but they haven’t been staying as close to the cattle as we’d like. Hopefully, they will get settled in their new pastures and start hanging out with the calves more as time goes on.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

Do you have any feedback about this article, or would you like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops? Don’t hesitate to get in touch with me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – August 2025

Posted on August 12, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Welcome to the August edition of The Guardian Way! Well, it appears the National Weather Service was incorrect about the forecast for July being near normal precipitation! Investigations will eventually determine if cloud seeding was the cause of the intense rainfall. While I am sure most ranchers were pleased to see the extra rain last month, it also caused significant flooding and damage across the state, particularly in the Hill Country. Our prayers continue to go out to those who lost loved ones in the flooding.

I was glad to see the various rain showers at my place. I haven’t had to start supplemental feeding yet, thanks to the new grass growth. Many ranchers in my area lost hay that was cut as they were unable to bale it due to daily showers for over 14 days. The next long-range forecast for the fall shows a chance of elevated temperatures and near-normal precipitation. Maybe the next forecast will be correct! As the old saying goes, if you do not like the weather in Texas, wait an hour.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

We want to thank everyone who participated in the 4^th Annual AgriLife LGD Photo Contest in June. This year, we had over 470 entries for the contest. Although not a record, it was still a substantial number of photos to sort through. Our winners received GPS invisible fence collars sponsored by either SpotOn Fence or Invisible Fence Brand, and our runners-up received prizes sponsored by San Angelo Tractor Supply.

Our next webinar is scheduled for August 21st at 3:00 p.m. This quarter’s webinar will focus on the Akbash breed. Akbash dogs are a white, short-haired breed of livestock guardian dog (LGD), originally from Türkiye, and the breed is a personal favorite of mine. Kristal Spenrath, a long-time LGD breeder and co-owner of Crazy Goat Socks, will present the webinar next quarter. Check our Facebook page (@TAMUlivestockguarddog) for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

We also have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present our November webinar. Dr. Lord will share data from the working dog collection of Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project, of which she is a member. We highly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project, helping to gather data on all types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page (TAMUlivestockguarddog) for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

Here is part three of a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable?” This month, we will cover commands and other training that producers may want to provide for their LGD.

How Long Does Limited Obedience Training Take for LGDs?

Limited obedience training may take some time, but it should be straightforward with a consistent schedule. It all depends on how responsive the dog is to the training. Regular, consistent effort is key, and it may take several months to achieve results. We train puppies in the bonding project three times a week, for approximately 15 minutes per session.

Some commands will come more quickly to the dog than others. If a command is important, do not give up if the dog does not learn it right away. For example, a good “down” on a border collie is essential when working stock. All livestock guardian dogs can achieve a level of obedience training if a handler invests consistent time and remains patient. Remember to keep rewarding the dog, even if it seems like they have learned the command, to prevent them from reverting to an earlier stage, which can cause frustration for both the owner and the dog. When in doubt, reward them!

What Commands Should a Producer Teach to an LGD?

Although many commands could be taught to an LGD, only a few are necessary for a working dog. We believe four commands are essential for the dogs to learn:

While the “sit” command is not that important, it becomes vital for training a dog the “stay” command. Dogs have a much easier time learning to stay when they are in a sitting position. “Sit” is one of the more straightforward teaching commands and will assist with further training.
“Stay” is a critical command for apparent reasons. When we need a dog to stay back for their safety, a good “stay” response is vital.
LGD puppy being tether trained. AgriLife picture courtesy of Saldana, 2023

The “come” command is the most important for an LGD. It is a powerful tool that can bring a dog back from a situation it should not be in or from danger. Mastering this command gives the owner a sense of control and the dog a sense of safety.
A stern “NO” is a universal command that all LGDs should know to stop some behavior we do not want them to continue.

Other commands, such as “leave it” and “off,” may be considered. However, a good, stern “NO” command should work just as well to discourage unwanted behavior.

LGD Training that a Producer Should Consider

Depending on the situation, the dogs may need additional training for safety reasons. Additional training may include:

Leash training—This may be helpful when training the dogs to manage livestock, attend vet visits, or be restrained in a vet’s office.
Tether training – Is critical if the dogs will be near snares or traps. We recommend using it in conjunction with a GPS tracker and a geofence.
Vehicle training – If the dog will be moved frequently with or without livestock, it should be acclimated to UTVs, trucks, and trailers.

Other Training to Consider

Crate training will help keep a dog calm when it is being transported or needs to stay overnight at the vet’s office.
Puppy getting a truck ride. AgriLife picture courtesy, Costanzo 2019.
Muzzle training is vital to lower your dog’s stress and decrease the chance of being bitten. If dogs are not thoroughly socialized or have aggressive tendencies, muzzle training is a good idea for vet visits.

Training for Behavior Problems Particular to LGDs

LGD owners often face these problems more than the average dog owner. However, if dealt with during adolescence, there are ways to minimize the problems. We will address these issues later in this article.

Barking – to train a dog to bark less or to stop barking when asked.
Roaming/boundary training—Hotwire in the bonding pen until the dog is 6 months old, and invisible fence collars during adolescence decrease the chance of roaming in adult dogs.
Resource guarding — Producers should sternly correct this at first sight, or it may result in injured or dead dogs and livestock.

Training LGDs to Protect Livestock

With proper bonding and training, LGDs can protect any livestock and many other types of animals. For example, LGDs help safeguard cheetahs in Africa and penguins on islands in Australia. While LGDs most often guard ruminants, they are now frequently used to protect poultry, horses, donkeys, llamas, alpacas, and pigs. The livestock training methods in this series focus on training dogs to herd ruminants (goats, sheep, cows) and other animals such as horses, pigs, or alpacas. Training LGDs to work with poultry is different and takes more time for the dogs to get used to them. The dogs’ relationships with poultry are usually different from those with livestock; they do not tend to bond with poultry in the same way. LGDs can kill poultry if extra care is not taken during training.

Bonding Project Update

Round 7 Pups

Two of the pups from the cattle bonding project laying in a feeder to avoid the flooding in early July. AgriLife picture courtesy of Sustaita, 2025

The pups performed well in July, despite the rain and flooding. With the initial start of the month seeing 14 inches of rain fall in a day in San Angelo, the pups were smart enough to climb into the grain feeders to escape the flooding at the Center. All four pups were a little muddy for a few weeks, but they all got a bath towards the end of July to allow them to regulate their temperatures and look presentable. Their training is progressing smoothly, and we plan to release the pups from the bonding pens at the end of August into training pastures with the cattle. The pups will continue to be separated into pairs. We will track the calves and puppies using Oyster 3 GPS trackers until they are released in January 2026. The pups will also start invisible fence training upon release from the bonding pens.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

The Texas A&M AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program is a collaborative initiative between Texas A&M AgriLife and the Texas Sheep and Goat Predator Management Board. Follow us on our social media platforms and share them with your friends and family!

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – July 2025

Posted on July 2, 2025 by bill.costanzo

LGD after grooming. AgriLife photo courtesy of Pfeiffer Ranch, 2023.

June flew by quickly for me, and I was glad to see the various rain showers at my place and around the state. The National Weather Service predicts that the 90-day temperature outlook will be above average, with near-normal precipitation levels. The expected rainfall is reassuring, especially since there were many rumors about a drought this year. However, the forecast of above-average temperatures for July and August is not very encouraging.

Make sure your LGDs are well-groomed and have access to plenty of fresh water and shade to stay cool. Dead hair care clogs the air channels in your LGD coat, leading to them overheating easily. You may also want to consider giving them some canine electrolytes, especially if the temperature in your area is extremely high. These can be found at most local pet stores and online. Heat stroke is a serious concern for long-haired LGDs, especially in high-humidity environments. You may need to trim their belly, lower chest, and inner leg hair to help them stay cool.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

We did not host an online seminar in May because we held the field day last month. Our next webinar is scheduled for August 21st at 3:00 p.m. This quarter’s webinar will focus on the Akbash breed. Akbash dogs are a white, short-haired breed of livestock guardian dog (LGD), originally from Türkiye, and they are a personal favorite of mine. Kristal Spenrath, a long-time LGD breeder and co-owner of Crazy Goat Socks, will present the webinar next quarter. Check our Facebook page (@TAMUlivestockguarddog) for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

Here is part two of a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable?” This month, we will be reviewing positive training and basic obedience training for working LGDs.

Obedience Training LGDs Using Positive Methods

Are you uncertain what training with “positive methods” means? Here is a definition. We train dogs by making them want to do what we ask. We do not use force, punishment, or shame. How do we make them want to do the thing we are asking? Positive reinforcement makes training interactions fun, and the dogs should be treated respectfully. Training should feel like playing and be fun for the dog. Positive reinforcement may be giving the dogs a treat, praising them, a few minutes of play, or whatever they want, like ear rubs.

The dogs will view training and “obedience” as something fun. They will associate the training with the things they love most in life. Making the actions we want them to do worthwhile is beneficial for both them and us. By doing this, we learn to communicate with each other, strengthening our bond. All training should be done in conjunction with livestock. Please do not remove the LGD from the livestock to train them, as this can cause anxiety and make them more difficult to train.

For example, if the dog is barking excessively, show your dog that you acknowledge their concern. Take the dog with you to see what they are barking at, thank them for alerting you, tell them it’s okay, and use a command like “enough” or “leave it” to signal to the dog that their alert has been acknowledged and they can stop barking. The dog will see that we have taken their concerns seriously and respect us. This can be powerful for bonding with the dog and gaining their trust.

Training LGDs with positive methods is ethical and often very practical. Always treat the dog with kindness, and they will learn to obey. They obey us not because they fear us but because they trust us, view us as their partner, and want to please us. It is essential to remember that being too stern in training an LGD can cause them to become wary of humans and make them difficult to catch. Positive reinforcement should be used unless negative reinforcement is necessary to prevent a dangerous situation, such as when the dog is about to attack or when they are engaging in destructive behavior.

How to Start Obedience Training with Your LGDs

For optimal training, follow the steps listed below.

Start with exercise. If the dogs are hyper or overly excited, they will struggle to learn anything new. Ensure they have had sufficient
Treats are helpful when obedience training LGDs. AgriLife photo courtesy of istockphoto.com 2021.

exercise to be in a calm and receptive mental state.
Avoid distractions. Dogs struggle to learn new things when they are distracted by intriguing sights, sounds, or smells around them. Set them up for success by training them in a low-key environment with livestock.
Make training fun for them. Obedience training should feel like play, not work, for the dogs. Enjoy the time spent with them; knowing their personalities is vital for effective training.
Reward them with a treat; this should be easy. Some dogs respond well to food rewards, whereas others prefer to play with a favorite tug toy for a minute or two or be praised and coddled.
Take breaks. If a handler feels frustrated with the dogs, take a break. Keep training to about 15 minutes a day. Always end on a positive note. Take a few days off to reflect on any mistakes or issues that arose during training. Be patient with the dogs! Consistency with commands is essential for the dog’s success. Do not issue commands during breaks unless they are followed through with the dog.

After the dog masters a skill in one area, work on that skill in another location. For example, the dog may learn how to sit in the bonding

Treat pouches are helpful when training dogs. AgriLife photo courtesy of PetSafe, 2024.

pen, but when asked to sit out in the field, she might be unable to do it. It would be best to teach her that the commands do not depend on the location. Continued training in new settings is vital to ensure the dog will obey the command in any situation.

Once the dog has mastered a command in multiple settings, gradually introduce more distractions over time. Training the dog to listen to a command is essential, even when they do not want to. Work on teaching the dog to respond to commands in various situations, such as around livestock, other dogs, people, and in uncomfortable settings, like on a busy road. It is also important to train them when they are hyper and have not had enough exercise. The dog must learn to listen to commands, regardless of the distractions or their emotional state. This is the only way to avoid dangerous situations.

Bonding Project Update

Diesel and Delta laying with a calf in the bonding pen. AgriLife picture courtesy of Sustaita 2025.

Round 7 Pups

The pups are all doing well and appear to have bonded with the cattle in their pens. The real test will be in late August when they are released from the pens and the pups have more room to wander from the calves. We regularly rotate the pups between the pens so that they get acclimated to different cattle. We are also using hot wire treatment in both pens this time to decrease the chance of roaming. While I would have preferred to single-bond the puppies to decrease further the chance of roaming, that was not possible this time due to budgetary constraints. Socialization and training are coming along well, and they are settling down during vehicle rides as well.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – June 2025

Posted on June 3, 2025 by bill.costanzo

I attended a fantastic conference in California last month. The Canine Science Symposium is held annually at the California State University, San Francisco campus. The weather was lovely throughout the event, with temperatures reaching the mid-70s. The conference features some of the leading canine scientists from across the nation and around the world, presenting their work to attendees. This year, the event was condensed into full days, covering a variety of topics on canine behavior and training. I was fortunate to be selected to present my master’s degree literature review findings in a poster at the event. I look forward to attending this conference in the future. Anyone interested in canine behavior and training should do the same.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

Training LGDs

This month, we will launch a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable?” Have they been bred to be stubborn and independent, designed to guard livestock without human direction? In addition to lacking socialization, this is one of the biggest myths about LGDs.

Can LGDs be trained? Yes, they can. Due to their size and strength, LGDs may accidentally or intentionally harm humans, other dogs, or livestock if not appropriately trained. When appropriate methods such as positive reinforcement and consistency are applied, LGDs respond well to limited obedience and livestock training, including commands like “no,” “stay,” and “come.”

Limited Obedience Training for LGDs

LGDs were not bred to function entirely independently of humans. Historically, they have always collaborated with shepherds in Europe. Traditionally, LGDs were never left to work alone with their animals year-round, as is often the case in Texas. Most breeds require significant human interaction until they reach adulthood, typically around two years of age. For millennia, shepherds often spent lengthy periods with their dogs during the day.

What does this mean for obedience training? Although LGDs are skilled problem solvers. They can be trusted to protect livestock even in their owners’ absence, they also have a strong desire for human companionship and praise. This desire makes them receptive to limited obedience training. Many people complain that their LGDs are difficult to train. This often stems from a lack of understanding of how to train them effectively. Typically, trainers may fail to make training enjoyable for the dogs or may hesitate to adjust their approach when the dogs show disinterest in learning a new command. In such cases, it is not the dogs that are at fault but rather the trainer.

We have observed that many LGD owners prefer to skip obedience training in favor of training their dogs directly with livestock. This

LGD protecting livestock. AgriLife photo courtesy of Coche, 2022

approach may be misguided. While obedience training can be time-consuming for LGDs, the benefits are substantial. By investing time in training, the dogs’ daily functioning improves as they learn to work with us rather than against us.

Basic obedience training teaches dogs essential commands that help them perform their protective roles more effectively. For instance, while an LGD needs to understand the “stay” command, teaching them to “roll over” is unnecessary!

Why Obedience Train LGDs?

LGDs require obedience training for two main reasons: safety and bonding. Their enormous size can pose a risk if they are not adequately trained. For instance, imagine a Pyrenean Mastiff jumping on a child or an individual with a pre-existing back condition due to insufficient training. Additionally, if a conflict arises between this dog and other dogs or even a person they perceive as a threat, the situation could escalate uncontrollably if the dog is not taught to follow commands.

Even smaller LGDs can still pose problems. Imagine a livestock guardian dog facing an adversary much larger than itself or encountering a predator and refusing to back down. In these situations, the dog must have a dependable recall and respond to the ‘come’ command. Without this training, the consequences could be dire, potentially injuring the dog, other animals, or even humans.

Young pup already learning how to sit on command. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo 2019

To encourage LGDs to respond to commands, they need to cultivate a close relationship with their owners. The concept of “obedience training” may be outdated. It implies a hierarchy where the owner must be the dominant “alpha” over the dogs. This approach suggests that dogs must obey their owners simply because they are in charge, failing to genuinely teach the dogs to meet their needs.

Instead, training should focus on fostering collaboration between dogs and humans. Both dogs and owners can learn from one another in this process. The owner’s role is not to dominate the dog but to cultivate a relationship based on trust and respect. In this way, dogs learn to respond to commands, not out of fear or obligation but because they want to please their owners and understand that this cooperation benefits both parties.

For this reason, we recommend acquiring a weaned puppy and bonding with it on the ranch. This approach enables producers to gain a deeper understanding of the dog’s behavior as it develops a bond with the ranch livestock and learns the expectations set by its owner.

Learning to work together voluntarily and in a fun way for the dog will give us the “obedience” we desire from the LGDs. This “obedience” is simply the dog’s trust in us and their desire to please us as partners in protecting livestock. We will continue this series next month in The Guardian Way.

Bonding Project Update

Round 6 Pups

All the pups from this round graduated this month. Dasher, Blitzen, and Lilly will join the AgriLife crew of LGDs protecting our research

Dozer from the “D” pups waiting for his ride. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita 2025.

herds. Dasher was successfully retrained with an E-collar to prevent him from playing with lambs. Lady will remain with her producer on a ranch in Ozona, while Comet and Lulu will be staying with their producer in Mc Camey.

Round 7 Pups

The “D” pups are all doing well in the cattle bonding project and are growing quickly. We have been working on leash and tether training, as

well as taking weekly vehicle rides. They will be released from the bonding pens into training pastures in late August.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you are seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – June 2025

Posted on May 23, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Spear grass seed. AgriLife photo courtesy of Tall Spear-grass | Grasslands

The weather is slowly getting warmer across the state. Rain levels appear to be lower than normal, indicating a drought in the region. Blue Bonnets and Indian Paintbrush are out in pastures again this year, but not in the abundance of previous years, which could be another indication of lower rainfall across the state. The long-range forecast for May shows average rainfall potential, but lower-than-average rainfall is predicted for most of the state this summer in the extended forecast. The forecast also indicates higher-than-average temperatures from May through the summer months.

Make plans now to groom your long-haired LGDs well before the summer heat arrives. Heat stroke can be a significant issue for dogs with matted coats and long hair. Ensure you have plenty of hydration fluids for your dogs in case they experience heat stroke, as it can be fatal. Additionally, with less-than-average rainfall, Speargrass seeds will likely drop by the time this month’s edition is published. The seeds can cause various skin issues in dogs.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

On May 2nd, we hosted the 9th Annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo. The event featured workshops, a producer panel, and a tour of the LGD facilities at the Center. Presenters included Dr. John Tomecek, AgriLife Wildlife Specialist, and Dr. Walter Burghardt, a canine behaviorist. Vendors and dog breeders were also present.

We want to thank the following field day sponsors for their valuable support in making this year’s event a success. Without their support, the event would not have been as successful.
Platinum Sponsors – Lone Star Tracking, Los Caballos Vet Clinic, Nestle – Purina, Sheep & Goat Predator Board, Spot On Fence, USDA – NASS
Gold Sponsors – Diamond Pet Foods, Noble Research Institute, Tom Green County Farm Bureau
Silver Sponsors – Angelo Pellets, Capital Farm Credit, First State Bank of Paint Rock, Gun Dog Supply, Regal Oil, Palmer Feed, Producers Livestock Auction, Trans Texas Southwest Credit Union, Twin Mountain Fence, West Texas Steel
Commercial Exhibitors – Central Farm Credit, ENVU, Renewal By Anderson, Texas LGD Association, Tom Green County Farm Bureau
LGD Breeders – Finder Maremmas, Glen Enterprises, Pfeuffer Ranch, Stoffels Family Farm, WW Livestock Dogs

Feeding LGDs

This month, we will finish a two-part series on feeding an LGD. Last month, we discussed nutrition, health, and commercial vs. raw feed for dogs. This month, we will look at ways to feed your LGD and how much they should be fed. For more information and to learn about our feeding stations and improved self-feeders, please contact us at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo.

How to Feed an LGD.
For most large producers, a feeding station is the best option for their livestock guardian dogs (LGDs), as it allows all dogs to eat when

AgriLife LGD feeding station. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo 2019.

hungry. Placing a feeding station at every water source is best so the LGDs do not have to leave the livestock to feed. Livestock will go to water at least every other day, allowing the LGDs to eat simultaneously. We have made several improvements to self-feeders to make them sturdier and more straightforward to mount in a station. It is also essential to provide a latch on the top to prevent varmints from opening the lid. We recommend using a jump gate of some design for an LGD to enter the feeding station. Gates that do not allow a dog to jump into a station frequently have large holes dug by the gate, which eventually allow feral hogs and livestock to enter, wasting dog food unless the station is regularly relocated.

If choosing to hand-feed the LGDs, a producer will want huge, durable dog bowls. We recommend stainless steel bowls with a sloped side, so they are not easily tipped over. Hand feeding may be a better option for smaller producers as it keeps the dogs socialized and allows them to check for body condition scores daily. For older dogs with joint pain, a raised bowl may be easier for them to eat out of and maintain their body condition score.

AgriLife improved self-feeder. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo 2021.

Stainless steel sloped dog food bowl. AgriLife picture courtesy of temu.com, 2024

How Often Should an LGD Be Fed?
If hand feeding, we recommend feeding adults once a day and young puppies three times a day. We move weaned puppies over to self-feeders as soon as possible to decrease the workload and acclimate them to what they will use on our ranches. Producers using self-feeders should regularly monitor their LGD feeders for adequate levels. We check our self-feeders at least three times a week.

It is essential only to fill a self-feeder with enough kibble until you plan to return. This keeps the feed fresh in the warmer months and does not supply varmints with substantial amounts of feed. It is best to check with the dog’s breeder and a vet to ensure proper feed for a specific LGD. Again, using the dog’s body condition score is the easiest way to ensure they consume enough kibble. Improper feeding can lead to health issues and resource guarding of feed. Neither is good for an LGD or the bottom line!

Generic feeding label on a bag of feed. AgriLife picture courtesy of Nestle Purina, 2022.

How Much Should an LGD Be Fed?
The amount to feed an LGD will depend on its age, weight, and activity level. We recommend following the recommendation on the dog food bag and double-checking with a vet. It is best to calculate the amount of kibble based on the caloric content of the food being fed and the dog’s activity level, weight, and age. However, this can be a time-consuming process if the feed changes regularly.

Also, it is important to remember that dog food is measured in cups. While a cup is 8 ounces, due to the pore space of the kibble, a regular measuring cup contains approximately 5 ounces of kibble. It is essential to adjust the feeding amount for that variance. Intact females in the latter half of pregnancy and lactating dogs will need more kibble than the rest of the pack. Injured, ill, and older dogs often have different food requirements. Be sure to check with a vet for the correct feed for an LGD. Puppies must also be on full feed until they are at least a year old, as LGD mature slowly. As always, refer to a veterinarian for a recommendation on appropriate amounts of feed.

Bonding Project Update

Round Six

Dasher has undergone retraining for killing lambs at his producer’s ranch. We placed him wearing a shock collar in a field with lambing ewes. We observed him daily, and every time a ewe lambed and he came near the lambs, we shocked him. This training lasted for two weeks, after which we returned him to the producer. Hopefully, this has cured him of killing newborn lambs.
Lulu and Comet are still doing well in Mc Camey and are no longer leaving the ranch. Lady is also doing well in Ozona and is staying close to her sheep. Blitzen is still at the Center, guarding goats that will go back to Menard when they are done kidding. Lilly went out to the Read Ranch in Ozona last month to guard some sheep.

Round Seven

The “D pups” in their temporary safe pen inside the cattle bonding pen. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita 2025

The “D pups” (Duke, Dozer, Delta, and Diesel) are all doing well. They went into their bonding pens in mid-April with several light-weight weaned calves on loan from Sul Ross University for this project. The pups were temporarily housed in a joint pen with the calves while we completed the other pen area. The pups are in bonding pens with hot wire at the base and will stay in the pens until they are 6 months old. At that time, they will be placed into 100-acre training pastures with the calves.

We were concerned that the pups might get injured, so we have created an enclosure for them near the cattle’s feeding area. This allows the pups to receive exposure to the calves while remaining safe until they are 3 months old. At that time, we will enable them to leave the enclosure area, but keep it open in case the calves bully them. We are socializing the dogs three to four days a week and giving them leash and tether training, along with vehicle rides, each week.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

If you are seeking information on LGDs, please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – April 2025

Posted on April 17, 2025 by bill.costanzo

The Texas LGD Association had its fifth anniversary last month. While it was a rocky start due to COVID-19, the association has steadily grown in membership each year and elected new board members in January. The association is made up of LGD breeders and producers. It was initially designed to be a Texas organization, but now includes members and breeders across the US! We encourage all LGD breeders and ranchers to join the organization. One of its goals is to work against legislative issues in the state that could hinder the effective use of LGDs for ranchers. If you want to join the association, please use this link to the association’s website.

If you have not visited our Facebook page recently, you have been missing our new posts. We are now posting almost daily on Facebook and Instagram. Each week, we have new, updated posts on training tips, health tips, and facts. You can follow us online @TAMUlivestockguarddog on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube.

The Texas Sheep and Goat Raisers Association and the Sheep and Goat Predator Management Board hosted a Trapping Clinic again this year. The event was held on April 11-12 in El Dorado at the X Bar Ranch. I attended the event last year and again this year and learned a lot of valuable information about predator control. I strongly encourage everyone involved in predator control and ranching to attend next year’s event.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

SAVE THE DATE! We will host the 9^th Annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo on May 2nd from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The event will feature four workshops, a producer panel, and a ranch tour. Presenters for the event will include Dr. John Tomecek (AgriLife Wildlife Specialist) and Dr. Walter Burghardt (Canine Behaviorist). Vendors and dog breeders will be present. Lunch and morning refreshments will be provided. Follow our social media pages, TAMUlivestockguarddog, for more information. Check the events page on our website to register for the event!

Feeding LGDs

Feeding LGDs by hand can be time-consuming, but it allows you to do health checks and socialize your dog regularly. Self-feeding is much easier and less time-consuming. However, it creates a feed source for varmints and livestock. This month, we will start a two-part series on what to feed, how to feed, and problems to avoid when feeding an LGD.

What should an LGD Be Fed?

LGD breeds should be fed high-quality commercial food; alternatively, if there is time in the day and nutrition knowledge, they can have a carefully balanced raw diet. However, few people have that time and expertise, so we recommend purchasing a quality commercial kibble with animal protein as the first ingredient. LGDs have historically lived on marginal diets, and small property owners must be careful not to overfeed their dogs. LGDs working on large ranches are rarely overweight, as they burn many calories daily.

LGD Nutrition and Health

Whether it is a large Pyrenees Mastiff or a smaller Maremma, all breeds of LGDs were traditionally bred to thrive on a minimal diet. While they are large dog breeds requiring substantial food, feeding them appropriately is important. Healthy adult LGDs should exhibit a lean appearance. A healthy dog will have a defined waist, as indicated by Nestle Purina’s body condition scoring system. Body condition scoring is the simplest way to determine whether an LGD is properly weighed. If used regularly, producers can accurately assess the dog’s appropriate BCS and make necessary dietary adjustments.

Puppies must be kept within a healthy weight range. It is preferable for them to be slightly overweight rather than underweight, as they can overgrow and become too thin if they do not receive enough food. Large-breed dogs should grow slowly to mitigate the risk of health problems later. The main concerns are osteochondrosis, hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and panosteitis.

Osteochondrosis in dogs is a general failure of cartilage to develop properly, which can lead to osteochondritis dissecans. It is considered an inherited disorder, but other factors, such as trauma, rapid growth, and nutrition, may also contribute. Symptoms include joint pain, lameness, and reduced movement. Hip dysplasia in dogs is marked by abnormal hip joint development, resulting in pain and permanent joint damage. Elbow dysplasia in dogs is less common but causes swelling, pain, and eventually arthritis in the elbows of LGDs. Irregular development of the bones in the elbow joint leads to uneven weight distribution, resulting in lameness and arthritis.

Panosteitis is a painful bone condition in dogs that affects the long leg bones of young large breed dogs. It is also known as “growing pains” and typically occurs between the ages of 5 and 18 months. The inflammation may involve one or multiple bones and can cause intermittent lameness. If feeding a commercial kibble, buy ‘large breed’ puppy and dog food for the LGDs. This will help maintain their growth and weight while decreasing the chances of the diseases listed above.

What to Feed LGD Breeds: Commercial Vs. Raw Dog Food

The debate over commercial food versus raw food is significant among dog owners. The foundation of raw food diets is that wild canines consume raw food. Since dogs are closely related to wild canines, their optimal diet should also consist of raw foods. While many LGD owners advocate raw food diets, we believe that this may not be the best approach. We strongly recommend consulting a veterinarian or canine nutritionist to safely and effectively implement this diet. Others contend that domesticated dogs possess a digestive system sufficiently different from their wild ancestors, making it unreasonable to assume they should follow the same diet.

Dogs’ digestive systems are tailored to a more varied diet because they have been domesticated for thousands of years. Science has shown that their digestive and body systems have evolved to require more carbohydrates than their wild canine relatives. A balanced approach is the best diet for LGDs. If raw meat is available to supplement their commercial kibble during the year after hunting season or when livestock are butchered, feed it! If not, we do not suggest purchasing raw feed for an LGD.

We feed high-quality, mid-level protein, high-fat commercial kibble to our LGDs at the Center. Since adopting this ratio, our dogs have never looked better, are more active, and have fewer health issues. The old saying, “You get what you pay for,” applies to dog food, just like it does for livestock feed. You would likely not feed show animals only corn, so do not feed low-quality kibble from a large chain store. Dogs fed low-quality feed will be less active, leading to lower protection levels and more livestock predation.

We will conclude this article next month in the May issue of The Guardian Way.

Bonding Project Update

Round Six

Round six pups are healthy and doing well. We had an issue with Lilly about 10 days after placing her on the Menard ranch. In mid-March, she decided to roam off the ranch. Lilly traveled almost five miles east towards Hwy 83 one morning. She was within ¾ of a mile of the highway before she stopped, and we got her from a neighbor’s ranch. We returned Lilly that day to San Angelo for kennel punishment. She was kenneled for several days and returned to a pasture at the Center for observation and retraining with an invisible fence collar. After that, Lilly was placed with some sheep and has been placed at the Read Ranch in Ozona. She has been doing well at the new location on her own.

Lilly’s roaming pattern in March of 2025. Black outline is the Martin Ranch Boundary. AgriLife picture courtesy Costanzo 2025.

The pups in Mc Camey have not caused any teenage problems for the producer yet. Dasher was recently picked up from the producer in Ozona for retraining, as he had killed two newborn lambs. The kill was confirmed to be his because the ranch hand had gone to lunch while the lambs were alive. He returned from lunch 45 minutes later and found Dasher eating them. We brought Dasher back to the Center the next day for retraining, as this type of behavior can get out of hand quickly and lead to prey drive in a dog that should not have any predatory instincts.

The best way to stop this type of adolescent behavior is with an E-collar. Dasher will be placed in a pen with an E-collar on and add some young lambs. He will be observed from a distance, and anytime he goes near the lambs, we will shock him at the highest setting. We observe from a distance so that the dog does not think the shock is caused by humans. We want him to believe the shock is caused by the lambs. He will not be shocked if he approaches an adult animal since he is not chasing or chewing on ewes or rams. The training will be performed daily for approximately 15 minutes for 10 days.

Round Seven

We have secured four Maremma puppies for the cattle bonding project in round seven. They arrived on April 6th to

Round 7 Maremma puppies Duke, Diesel, Dozer, and Delta. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo 2025.

start the project. A separate set of pens will be used for the cattle bonding project, so this time there will also be a set of puppies bonded with sheep and goats for AgriLife use.

The puppies will be bonded in pairs, this time within pens surrounded by hot wire at the base. Since we are bonding with weaned calves, the puppies will be placed in an enclosure next to the cattle feeder for the first 30 days to prevent injury. This will keep them safe while allowing the pups to be exposed to the calves during feeding. The pups in round 7 of the bonding project are Duke, Diesel, Dozer, and Delta.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are seeking information on LGDs, visit our website. It features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo

The Guardian Way – January 2026

The Guardian Way – December 2025

The Guardian Way – November 2025

The Guardian Way: October 2025

The Guardian Way – September 2025

The Guardian Way – August 2025

The Guardian Way – July 2025

The Guardian Way – June 2025

The Guardian Way – June 2025

The Guardian Way – April 2025

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