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The Guardian Way: October 2025

Posted on October 6, 2025 by bill.costanzo

The weather has been getting cooler, and fall is definitely on its way. Now is the time to ensure your LGD is getting plenty of feed and regaining any body condition lost during the hot summer. Your dogs should be a BCS of 4.5 to 5 going into winter! You may need to increase the protein and fat content of the kibble to make this adjustment.

Grooming is also important at this time of year, as your LGD will be shedding its summer coat to prepare for winter. I have found that a good old-fashioned horse curry comb and a deshedding rake work the best to remove most of the dead hair from their coats.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

The Texas LGD Association is hosting a field day on October 25 at the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame in Waco. The event runs from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and will feature workshops, vendors, dog breeders, and an in-person association meeting. Lunch will be included with registration. You can register online at www.texaslgdassoc.org. They will have several speakers at the event, including myself and Dr. John Tomecek, AgriLife Research Wildlife Specialist. Vendors and dog breeders will also be on site.

We have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present at our webinar on November 20^th at 3 pm CST. Dr. Lord will share data from Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project’s working dog collection, of which she is a member. We highly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project to help gather data on all types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

We are finishing our six-part series on training LGDs this month. Our final segment will cover how to prevent aggression toward new livestock by an LGD and how to prevent livestock from being overly aggressive toward LGDs.

Prevent LGDs from Being Aggressive to Livestock

If an LGD acts aggressively towards livestock, it views the livestock as a threat. The dog is likely more bonded to people than livestock. It can be challenging to change a pup’s behavior, especially as they get older. Dogs that have passed adolescence will never be trustworthy around livestock. Dogs can learn to accept livestock in their territory if they are introduced slowly over time. These exercises may take days, weeks, and months to change the dog’s behavior.

When training LGDs to overcome their aggression towards livestock, it is essential to start the training away from the livestock to keep the

E-collar used for correcting older or stubborn dogs. AgriLife photo courtesy of Invirox 2024.

dog calm. Gradually, during these training sessions, move closer to the livestock. If the dog begins acting aggressively or threateningly towards the livestock and can no longer be distracted by the training, it is too close; in such cases, it is best to back away and try again. Remember, just as with previous training as a puppy, keep the training sessions short, between 5 and 15 minutes, and always end on a positive note with a reward for the dog. This positive reinforcement will motivate the dog for the next session. An e-collar may be needed if the dog has already reached maturity.

Prevent Livestock from Being Aggressive to LGDs

Bonding pen with panel at rear to give a safe area for the puppy to retreat to. AgriLife photo courtesy Walker 2017.

Sometimes, producers have livestock that are aggressive toward the LGDs. For example, ranchers may have a Billy goat who constantly tries to ram the dog. This is unacceptable, especially if the dogs are puppies. An aggressive animal could seriously injure a puppy, or the behavior could prevent it from bonding with the animals. If this situation is not corrected, it can cause the puppy to become aggressive toward livestock as an adult.

In the event of aggressive behavior from the livestock towards the LGD puppy, providing a safe space for the puppy to retreat to in the bonding pen is crucial. We strongly recommend that producers install cellular game cameras in their bonding pens to monitor the livestock for any signs of aggression towards the LGD puppy. This proactive approach ensures the puppy’s safety and helps correct any aggressive behavior before it becomes problematic. It is also advisable to remove overly aggressive animals from the bonding and training areas unless they are needed to curb unruly adolescent behavior.

Introducing New Stock to an LGD

Once the livestock guardian dogs have been trained and are living happily with their herd or flock, be careful introducing new livestock into the herd. Dogs may keep new stock separated from the herd as they do not realize the animals are their new charges. Additionally, new types of animals should be introduced slowly to the LGD.

When introducing new livestock, let the dogs observe them unloaded from the vehicle into a holding area. Let the dogs sniff and greet the new livestock while on a leash. Treat the new livestock with care when introducing the dogs to them. When introducing the new livestock into the pastures with the dogs, supervise to ensure they are not separating the animals or acting uncertain about them. Instruct the dogs with a “NO” if they try to move the new animals away.

We recommend bonding an LGD puppy to multiple species and rotating the livestock every three to four weeks in the bonding pens. Multispecies bonding helps eliminate the problem of introducing new livestock to the ranch when the puppies are adult dogs.

Adult Dogs and Bonding Project Update

Round 7 Pups

Duke and Dozer hanging out with their calves in a training pasture. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita, 2025

The Maremma pups (Diesel, Duke, Dozer, and Delta) appear to be well-bonded to the cattle in this project. All of the pups are staying in their pastures with the calves. Hopefully, once they are placed on the cooperating producers’ ranches in March, they will stay with their cattle and help push the coyotes out of the area, allowing the swift fox population to rebound.

Most of the adult dogs at the Center are doing well. Dasher moved out to the Reach Ranch with Lily to protect the livestock there. Blitzen decided to go for a wandering walk last month and left the Martin Ranch to travel over 5 miles east before stopping at a producer’s headquarters. It took several days to recover him, but he is back now and safe again. We are not sure why he left, but he definitely traveled a good distance.

Thelma has been in the kennel at the Center recovering from Ehrlichiosis-related issues for the last six weeks. I think we will be retiring soon. She has had several bouts with the disease, and she is taking a while to regain weight this time. We strongly recommend that producers use a high-quality flea and tick product and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for reapplication times. Prevention is the only way to stop this devastating disease in LGDs. Her spirits are up, and she spends time with livestock in the road pens during the day but is in the kennel at night.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

Do you have any feedback about this article, or would you like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops? Do not hesitate to get in touch with me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

Texas A&M AgriLife provides equal opportunities in its programs and employment to all persons, regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, genetic information, veteran status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating.

The Guardian Way – September 2025

Posted on September 12, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Last month, the AgriLife Center in San Angelo hosted its annual field day on August 15th, with over 100 people attending the event. It was

Waylon waiting in a pen at the Expo. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita, 2025.

followed by the two-day AgriLife Extension, which hosted the annual Sheep and Goat Expo in San Angelo at the Spur Arena. The event featured workshops, demonstrations, and guest speakers from across the US. A tradeshow was also part of the event, with vendors exhibiting equipment, supplies, and different breeds of sheep and goats.

I gave a workshop and demonstration on grooming LGDs at the Expo this year. LGD Waylon got to visit everyone at the Expo and enjoyed the time away from the Center. He got lots of pets and a few treats as well while he was waiting to be used in my grooming demonstration.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

The Texas LGD Association is hosting a field day on October 25 at the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame in Waco. The event runs from 9 am to 5 pm and will feature workshops, vendors, dog breeders, and an in-person association meeting. Lunch will be included with registration. You can register online at www.texaslgdassoc.org.

We also have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present at our November webinar. Dr. Lord will share data from Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project’s working dog collection, of which she is a member. We highly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project to help gather data on all types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

Here is part four of a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable”? This month, we will cover how to train an LGD with livestock.

Training LGDs for Livestock

Training LGDs to oversee livestock isn’t common everywhere. Dogs and livestock have unique personalities that require flexible training

LGD puppy not wanting to leash train. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo, 2021.

methods. Some dogs naturally adapt to living with livestock and bond quickly, while others may struggle to understand that they can’t interact with the livestock the same way as their littermates. Bonding and training the puppy at the same time is crucial because puppies are more likely to learn commands when they’re young. Additionally, LGDs need to be bonded with livestock between 5 and 14 weeks old. Knowing this will help you prepare for the important early stages of LGD training.

Similarly, each type of livestock has its own temperament. Some may readily accept the dogs, while others may show aggression. Producers should be prepared for these challenges and understand that patience and creativity are essential to overcoming them. These are not obstacles but opportunities to demonstrate resilience and resourcefulness in training. Your creativity can be a powerful tool, inspiring innovative solutions to these challenges. Additionally, for those new to LGDs, starting fresh is often the most difficult part. Once a producer has some trained LGDs working with livestock, introducing and training new puppies becomes much easier. Not only will the puppies naturally mimic the behavior of the trained LGDs, but the trained LGDs might also “correct” them by growling or pinning them to the ground when they misbehave.

Although these dogs are meant to live in packs, we recommend starting with one weaned puppy and adding a second dog once the first is fully mature. A single dog bonds more easily with the livestock, and it’s simpler to train one puppy than two. Pairs of puppies can feed off each other’s energy, causing twice as many problems with the livestock as a single dog. Additionally, a single dog tends to stay closer to the herd for security.

There are many ways to train LGDs, and we are sharing the method that works best for our operation. Others may argue that leash-training or acclimating a dog to riding in a vehicle is unnecessary. What follows are step-by-step instructions. Producers should modify these instructions based on the animals’ individual personalities and specific needs. These steps are designed for someone new to LGDs who needs a mentor to help train puppies.

How to Train LGDs for Livestock

Weaned puppies on their way to a bonding pen at the AgriLife Center. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo 2022.

Start on limited obedience training immediately. Train them to remain calm and avoid jumping, chasing, or biting people. Puppies can be trained in the area where they are being bonded to livestock. Bonding is different from training a pup. Bonding refers to the puppy creating a relationship with livestock. Training involves human interaction to teach the puppy how to behave and follow commands.

Purchase an 8-week-old weaned puppy. Allow the puppy to acclimate to its new home and get used to the livestock right away. At this stage, the puppy is old enough to be placed in a bonding pen on its own.
We start leash and tether training with puppies at nine weeks old and give them vehicle rides for 5-10 minutes each week. Begin with just two minutes of leash and tether training twice a week. Take the puppy on walks around the bonding pen and property to help it learn to walk on a leash. Always call them by their name and reward the puppy when it comes to you, and if it walks well on the leash. Also, the tether and vehicle training.
Gradually extend leash and tether training sessions over time. We add two minutes to the training each week during the bonding period, which ends at six months of age. Although the puppies have already bonded with the livestock by fourteen weeks, they still need to learn how to behave around them. The pup also needs enough time to master obedience training thoroughly.
Keep pups calm around livestock with obedience training. Learn the dogs’ body language to prevent excitement. Recognize their cues and stop unwanted behavior before it begins. Distract them with training as soon as they show signs of misbehaving or becoming overly excited near the livestock.
Training should be conducted with the main livestock group to help them get accustomed to the new puppy. Bring the pup into the pasture on a leash so it can meet the other animals, which helps build a bond. Keep the puppy calm during this process. Correct the pup if it starts barking or lunging at the animals. Once it behaves well, reward it with treats and attention.
When the puppy is calm, allow the livestock to approach it. If they seem unsure about the puppy, approach them slowly and gently. Let
LGD puppy dragging its leash during training with livestock. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo, 2019.

both the livestock and the puppy smell each other. If the puppy gets too excited, redirect its attention with training commands. If the livestock run away, it means they’re not ready to meet the puppy yet. It’s important to introduce the livestock to the dog gradually. The best way is to take small steps to help them become accustomed to the puppy. This process might take several weeks, but gradual training will make it easier to remove the puppy from the bonding pen once the main herd is comfortable with it. t. t.
Once the puppy and livestock are comfortable with each other, let the puppy walk on a leash. You can then loosen the leash so the puppy can move freely. We suggest using a long lead to quickly control the puppy if it starts to chase or play with the livestock. This helps ensure the safety of both the puppy and the livestock.
Once the pup does well, lose the leash and remove it. Producers must supervise the pup off-leash until they are confident the pup will not exhibit poor behavior when left unattended. The same is true of the livestock – do not leave the pup alone with them until you are sure that none of them will exhibit bad behavior toward the dog. This supervision is crucial for maintaining control and ensuring the safety of both the puppy and the livestock.

Bonding Project Update

Duke and Dozer running to greet their charges. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita, 2025

Round 7 Pups

The pups are all doing well and have been released with their cattle into two training pastures at the Center. Diesel and Delta are bonded well to their cattle and have been staying close to them. The other two pups, Dozer and Duke, have been staying in their pasture, but they haven’t been staying as close to the cattle as we’d like. Hopefully, they will get settled in their new pastures and start hanging out with the calves more as time goes on.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

Do you have any feedback about this article, or would you like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops? Don’t hesitate to get in touch with me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – August 2025

Posted on August 12, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Welcome to the August edition of The Guardian Way! Well, it appears the National Weather Service was incorrect about the forecast for July being near normal precipitation! Investigations will eventually determine if cloud seeding was the cause of the intense rainfall. While I am sure most ranchers were pleased to see the extra rain last month, it also caused significant flooding and damage across the state, particularly in the Hill Country. Our prayers continue to go out to those who lost loved ones in the flooding.

I was glad to see the various rain showers at my place. I haven’t had to start supplemental feeding yet, thanks to the new grass growth. Many ranchers in my area lost hay that was cut as they were unable to bale it due to daily showers for over 14 days. The next long-range forecast for the fall shows a chance of elevated temperatures and near-normal precipitation. Maybe the next forecast will be correct! As the old saying goes, if you do not like the weather in Texas, wait an hour.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

We want to thank everyone who participated in the 4^th Annual AgriLife LGD Photo Contest in June. This year, we had over 470 entries for the contest. Although not a record, it was still a substantial number of photos to sort through. Our winners received GPS invisible fence collars sponsored by either SpotOn Fence or Invisible Fence Brand, and our runners-up received prizes sponsored by San Angelo Tractor Supply.

Our next webinar is scheduled for August 21st at 3:00 p.m. This quarter’s webinar will focus on the Akbash breed. Akbash dogs are a white, short-haired breed of livestock guardian dog (LGD), originally from Türkiye, and the breed is a personal favorite of mine. Kristal Spenrath, a long-time LGD breeder and co-owner of Crazy Goat Socks, will present the webinar next quarter. Check our Facebook page (@TAMUlivestockguarddog) for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

We also have Dr. Katherine Lord scheduled to present our November webinar. Dr. Lord will share data from the working dog collection of Darwin’s Ark Canine DNA Project, of which she is a member. We highly encourage all LGD owners to participate in the working dog project, helping to gather data on all types of working dog breeds. Check our Facebook page (TAMUlivestockguarddog) for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

Here is part three of a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable?” This month, we will cover commands and other training that producers may want to provide for their LGD.

How Long Does Limited Obedience Training Take for LGDs?

Limited obedience training may take some time, but it should be straightforward with a consistent schedule. It all depends on how responsive the dog is to the training. Regular, consistent effort is key, and it may take several months to achieve results. We train puppies in the bonding project three times a week, for approximately 15 minutes per session.

Some commands will come more quickly to the dog than others. If a command is important, do not give up if the dog does not learn it right away. For example, a good “down” on a border collie is essential when working stock. All livestock guardian dogs can achieve a level of obedience training if a handler invests consistent time and remains patient. Remember to keep rewarding the dog, even if it seems like they have learned the command, to prevent them from reverting to an earlier stage, which can cause frustration for both the owner and the dog. When in doubt, reward them!

What Commands Should a Producer Teach to an LGD?

Although many commands could be taught to an LGD, only a few are necessary for a working dog. We believe four commands are essential for the dogs to learn:

While the “sit” command is not that important, it becomes vital for training a dog the “stay” command. Dogs have a much easier time learning to stay when they are in a sitting position. “Sit” is one of the more straightforward teaching commands and will assist with further training.
“Stay” is a critical command for apparent reasons. When we need a dog to stay back for their safety, a good “stay” response is vital.
LGD puppy being tether trained. AgriLife picture courtesy of Saldana, 2023

The “come” command is the most important for an LGD. It is a powerful tool that can bring a dog back from a situation it should not be in or from danger. Mastering this command gives the owner a sense of control and the dog a sense of safety.
A stern “NO” is a universal command that all LGDs should know to stop some behavior we do not want them to continue.

Other commands, such as “leave it” and “off,” may be considered. However, a good, stern “NO” command should work just as well to discourage unwanted behavior.

LGD Training that a Producer Should Consider

Depending on the situation, the dogs may need additional training for safety reasons. Additional training may include:

Leash training—This may be helpful when training the dogs to manage livestock, attend vet visits, or be restrained in a vet’s office.
Tether training – Is critical if the dogs will be near snares or traps. We recommend using it in conjunction with a GPS tracker and a geofence.
Vehicle training – If the dog will be moved frequently with or without livestock, it should be acclimated to UTVs, trucks, and trailers.

Other Training to Consider

Crate training will help keep a dog calm when it is being transported or needs to stay overnight at the vet’s office.
Puppy getting a truck ride. AgriLife picture courtesy, Costanzo 2019.
Muzzle training is vital to lower your dog’s stress and decrease the chance of being bitten. If dogs are not thoroughly socialized or have aggressive tendencies, muzzle training is a good idea for vet visits.

Training for Behavior Problems Particular to LGDs

LGD owners often face these problems more than the average dog owner. However, if dealt with during adolescence, there are ways to minimize the problems. We will address these issues later in this article.

Barking – to train a dog to bark less or to stop barking when asked.
Roaming/boundary training—Hotwire in the bonding pen until the dog is 6 months old, and invisible fence collars during adolescence decrease the chance of roaming in adult dogs.
Resource guarding — Producers should sternly correct this at first sight, or it may result in injured or dead dogs and livestock.

Training LGDs to Protect Livestock

With proper bonding and training, LGDs can protect any livestock and many other types of animals. For example, LGDs help safeguard cheetahs in Africa and penguins on islands in Australia. While LGDs most often guard ruminants, they are now frequently used to protect poultry, horses, donkeys, llamas, alpacas, and pigs. The livestock training methods in this series focus on training dogs to herd ruminants (goats, sheep, cows) and other animals such as horses, pigs, or alpacas. Training LGDs to work with poultry is different and takes more time for the dogs to get used to them. The dogs’ relationships with poultry are usually different from those with livestock; they do not tend to bond with poultry in the same way. LGDs can kill poultry if extra care is not taken during training.

Bonding Project Update

Round 7 Pups

Two of the pups from the cattle bonding project laying in a feeder to avoid the flooding in early July. AgriLife picture courtesy of Sustaita, 2025

The pups performed well in July, despite the rain and flooding. With the initial start of the month seeing 14 inches of rain fall in a day in San Angelo, the pups were smart enough to climb into the grain feeders to escape the flooding at the Center. All four pups were a little muddy for a few weeks, but they all got a bath towards the end of July to allow them to regulate their temperatures and look presentable. Their training is progressing smoothly, and we plan to release the pups from the bonding pens at the end of August into training pastures with the cattle. The pups will continue to be separated into pairs. We will track the calves and puppies using Oyster 3 GPS trackers until they are released in January 2026. The pups will also start invisible fence training upon release from the bonding pens.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

The Texas A&M AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program is a collaborative initiative between Texas A&M AgriLife and the Texas Sheep and Goat Predator Management Board. Follow us on our social media platforms and share them with your friends and family!

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – July 2025

Posted on July 2, 2025 by bill.costanzo

LGD after grooming. AgriLife photo courtesy of Pfeiffer Ranch, 2023.

June flew by quickly for me, and I was glad to see the various rain showers at my place and around the state. The National Weather Service predicts that the 90-day temperature outlook will be above average, with near-normal precipitation levels. The expected rainfall is reassuring, especially since there were many rumors about a drought this year. However, the forecast of above-average temperatures for July and August is not very encouraging.

Make sure your LGDs are well-groomed and have access to plenty of fresh water and shade to stay cool. Dead hair care clogs the air channels in your LGD coat, leading to them overheating easily. You may also want to consider giving them some canine electrolytes, especially if the temperature in your area is extremely high. These can be found at most local pet stores and online. Heat stroke is a serious concern for long-haired LGDs, especially in high-humidity environments. You may need to trim their belly, lower chest, and inner leg hair to help them stay cool.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

We did not host an online seminar in May because we held the field day last month. Our next webinar is scheduled for August 21st at 3:00 p.m. This quarter’s webinar will focus on the Akbash breed. Akbash dogs are a white, short-haired breed of livestock guardian dog (LGD), originally from Türkiye, and they are a personal favorite of mine. Kristal Spenrath, a long-time LGD breeder and co-owner of Crazy Goat Socks, will present the webinar next quarter. Check our Facebook page (@TAMUlivestockguarddog) for more information and visit the events page on the Center’s website to register as the event approaches.

Training LGDs

Here is part two of a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable?” This month, we will be reviewing positive training and basic obedience training for working LGDs.

Obedience Training LGDs Using Positive Methods

Are you uncertain what training with “positive methods” means? Here is a definition. We train dogs by making them want to do what we ask. We do not use force, punishment, or shame. How do we make them want to do the thing we are asking? Positive reinforcement makes training interactions fun, and the dogs should be treated respectfully. Training should feel like playing and be fun for the dog. Positive reinforcement may be giving the dogs a treat, praising them, a few minutes of play, or whatever they want, like ear rubs.

The dogs will view training and “obedience” as something fun. They will associate the training with the things they love most in life. Making the actions we want them to do worthwhile is beneficial for both them and us. By doing this, we learn to communicate with each other, strengthening our bond. All training should be done in conjunction with livestock. Please do not remove the LGD from the livestock to train them, as this can cause anxiety and make them more difficult to train.

For example, if the dog is barking excessively, show your dog that you acknowledge their concern. Take the dog with you to see what they are barking at, thank them for alerting you, tell them it’s okay, and use a command like “enough” or “leave it” to signal to the dog that their alert has been acknowledged and they can stop barking. The dog will see that we have taken their concerns seriously and respect us. This can be powerful for bonding with the dog and gaining their trust.

Training LGDs with positive methods is ethical and often very practical. Always treat the dog with kindness, and they will learn to obey. They obey us not because they fear us but because they trust us, view us as their partner, and want to please us. It is essential to remember that being too stern in training an LGD can cause them to become wary of humans and make them difficult to catch. Positive reinforcement should be used unless negative reinforcement is necessary to prevent a dangerous situation, such as when the dog is about to attack or when they are engaging in destructive behavior.

How to Start Obedience Training with Your LGDs

For optimal training, follow the steps listed below.

Start with exercise. If the dogs are hyper or overly excited, they will struggle to learn anything new. Ensure they have had sufficient
Treats are helpful when obedience training LGDs. AgriLife photo courtesy of istockphoto.com 2021.

exercise to be in a calm and receptive mental state.
Avoid distractions. Dogs struggle to learn new things when they are distracted by intriguing sights, sounds, or smells around them. Set them up for success by training them in a low-key environment with livestock.
Make training fun for them. Obedience training should feel like play, not work, for the dogs. Enjoy the time spent with them; knowing their personalities is vital for effective training.
Reward them with a treat; this should be easy. Some dogs respond well to food rewards, whereas others prefer to play with a favorite tug toy for a minute or two or be praised and coddled.
Take breaks. If a handler feels frustrated with the dogs, take a break. Keep training to about 15 minutes a day. Always end on a positive note. Take a few days off to reflect on any mistakes or issues that arose during training. Be patient with the dogs! Consistency with commands is essential for the dog’s success. Do not issue commands during breaks unless they are followed through with the dog.

After the dog masters a skill in one area, work on that skill in another location. For example, the dog may learn how to sit in the bonding

Treat pouches are helpful when training dogs. AgriLife photo courtesy of PetSafe, 2024.

pen, but when asked to sit out in the field, she might be unable to do it. It would be best to teach her that the commands do not depend on the location. Continued training in new settings is vital to ensure the dog will obey the command in any situation.

Once the dog has mastered a command in multiple settings, gradually introduce more distractions over time. Training the dog to listen to a command is essential, even when they do not want to. Work on teaching the dog to respond to commands in various situations, such as around livestock, other dogs, people, and in uncomfortable settings, like on a busy road. It is also important to train them when they are hyper and have not had enough exercise. The dog must learn to listen to commands, regardless of the distractions or their emotional state. This is the only way to avoid dangerous situations.

Bonding Project Update

Diesel and Delta laying with a calf in the bonding pen. AgriLife picture courtesy of Sustaita 2025.

Round 7 Pups

The pups are all doing well and appear to have bonded with the cattle in their pens. The real test will be in late August when they are released from the pens and the pups have more room to wander from the calves. We regularly rotate the pups between the pens so that they get acclimated to different cattle. We are also using hot wire treatment in both pens this time to decrease the chance of roaming. While I would have preferred to single-bond the puppies to decrease further the chance of roaming, that was not possible this time due to budgetary constraints. Socialization and training are coming along well, and they are settling down during vehicle rides as well.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – June 2025

Posted on June 3, 2025 by bill.costanzo

I attended a fantastic conference in California last month. The Canine Science Symposium is held annually at the California State University, San Francisco campus. The weather was lovely throughout the event, with temperatures reaching the mid-70s. The conference features some of the leading canine scientists from across the nation and around the world, presenting their work to attendees. This year, the event was condensed into full days, covering a variety of topics on canine behavior and training. I was fortunate to be selected to present my master’s degree literature review findings in a poster at the event. I look forward to attending this conference in the future. Anyone interested in canine behavior and training should do the same.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

Training LGDs

This month, we will launch a six-part series on training Local Guard Dogs (LGDs). Are livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) “untrainable?” Have they been bred to be stubborn and independent, designed to guard livestock without human direction? In addition to lacking socialization, this is one of the biggest myths about LGDs.

Can LGDs be trained? Yes, they can. Due to their size and strength, LGDs may accidentally or intentionally harm humans, other dogs, or livestock if not appropriately trained. When appropriate methods such as positive reinforcement and consistency are applied, LGDs respond well to limited obedience and livestock training, including commands like “no,” “stay,” and “come.”

Limited Obedience Training for LGDs

LGDs were not bred to function entirely independently of humans. Historically, they have always collaborated with shepherds in Europe. Traditionally, LGDs were never left to work alone with their animals year-round, as is often the case in Texas. Most breeds require significant human interaction until they reach adulthood, typically around two years of age. For millennia, shepherds often spent lengthy periods with their dogs during the day.

What does this mean for obedience training? Although LGDs are skilled problem solvers. They can be trusted to protect livestock even in their owners’ absence, they also have a strong desire for human companionship and praise. This desire makes them receptive to limited obedience training. Many people complain that their LGDs are difficult to train. This often stems from a lack of understanding of how to train them effectively. Typically, trainers may fail to make training enjoyable for the dogs or may hesitate to adjust their approach when the dogs show disinterest in learning a new command. In such cases, it is not the dogs that are at fault but rather the trainer.

We have observed that many LGD owners prefer to skip obedience training in favor of training their dogs directly with livestock. This

LGD protecting livestock. AgriLife photo courtesy of Coche, 2022

approach may be misguided. While obedience training can be time-consuming for LGDs, the benefits are substantial. By investing time in training, the dogs’ daily functioning improves as they learn to work with us rather than against us.

Basic obedience training teaches dogs essential commands that help them perform their protective roles more effectively. For instance, while an LGD needs to understand the “stay” command, teaching them to “roll over” is unnecessary!

Why Obedience Train LGDs?

LGDs require obedience training for two main reasons: safety and bonding. Their enormous size can pose a risk if they are not adequately trained. For instance, imagine a Pyrenean Mastiff jumping on a child or an individual with a pre-existing back condition due to insufficient training. Additionally, if a conflict arises between this dog and other dogs or even a person they perceive as a threat, the situation could escalate uncontrollably if the dog is not taught to follow commands.

Even smaller LGDs can still pose problems. Imagine a livestock guardian dog facing an adversary much larger than itself or encountering a predator and refusing to back down. In these situations, the dog must have a dependable recall and respond to the ‘come’ command. Without this training, the consequences could be dire, potentially injuring the dog, other animals, or even humans.

Young pup already learning how to sit on command. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo 2019

To encourage LGDs to respond to commands, they need to cultivate a close relationship with their owners. The concept of “obedience training” may be outdated. It implies a hierarchy where the owner must be the dominant “alpha” over the dogs. This approach suggests that dogs must obey their owners simply because they are in charge, failing to genuinely teach the dogs to meet their needs.

Instead, training should focus on fostering collaboration between dogs and humans. Both dogs and owners can learn from one another in this process. The owner’s role is not to dominate the dog but to cultivate a relationship based on trust and respect. In this way, dogs learn to respond to commands, not out of fear or obligation but because they want to please their owners and understand that this cooperation benefits both parties.

For this reason, we recommend acquiring a weaned puppy and bonding with it on the ranch. This approach enables producers to gain a deeper understanding of the dog’s behavior as it develops a bond with the ranch livestock and learns the expectations set by its owner.

Learning to work together voluntarily and in a fun way for the dog will give us the “obedience” we desire from the LGDs. This “obedience” is simply the dog’s trust in us and their desire to please us as partners in protecting livestock. We will continue this series next month in The Guardian Way.

Bonding Project Update

Round 6 Pups

All the pups from this round graduated this month. Dasher, Blitzen, and Lilly will join the AgriLife crew of LGDs protecting our research

Dozer from the “D” pups waiting for his ride. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita 2025.

herds. Dasher was successfully retrained with an E-collar to prevent him from playing with lambs. Lady will remain with her producer on a ranch in Ozona, while Comet and Lulu will be staying with their producer in Mc Camey.

Round 7 Pups

The “D” pups are all doing well in the cattle bonding project and are growing quickly. We have been working on leash and tether training, as

well as taking weekly vehicle rides. They will be released from the bonding pens into training pastures in late August.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are you are seeking information on LGDs? Please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Be sure to visit the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – June 2025

Posted on May 23, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Spear grass seed. AgriLife photo courtesy of Tall Spear-grass | Grasslands

The weather is slowly getting warmer across the state. Rain levels appear to be lower than normal, indicating a drought in the region. Blue Bonnets and Indian Paintbrush are out in pastures again this year, but not in the abundance of previous years, which could be another indication of lower rainfall across the state. The long-range forecast for May shows average rainfall potential, but lower-than-average rainfall is predicted for most of the state this summer in the extended forecast. The forecast also indicates higher-than-average temperatures from May through the summer months.

Make plans now to groom your long-haired LGDs well before the summer heat arrives. Heat stroke can be a significant issue for dogs with matted coats and long hair. Ensure you have plenty of hydration fluids for your dogs in case they experience heat stroke, as it can be fatal. Additionally, with less-than-average rainfall, Speargrass seeds will likely drop by the time this month’s edition is published. The seeds can cause various skin issues in dogs.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

On May 2nd, we hosted the 9th Annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo. The event featured workshops, a producer panel, and a tour of the LGD facilities at the Center. Presenters included Dr. John Tomecek, AgriLife Wildlife Specialist, and Dr. Walter Burghardt, a canine behaviorist. Vendors and dog breeders were also present.

We want to thank the following field day sponsors for their valuable support in making this year’s event a success. Without their support, the event would not have been as successful.
Platinum Sponsors – Lone Star Tracking, Los Caballos Vet Clinic, Nestle – Purina, Sheep & Goat Predator Board, Spot On Fence, USDA – NASS
Gold Sponsors – Diamond Pet Foods, Noble Research Institute, Tom Green County Farm Bureau
Silver Sponsors – Angelo Pellets, Capital Farm Credit, First State Bank of Paint Rock, Gun Dog Supply, Regal Oil, Palmer Feed, Producers Livestock Auction, Trans Texas Southwest Credit Union, Twin Mountain Fence, West Texas Steel
Commercial Exhibitors – Central Farm Credit, ENVU, Renewal By Anderson, Texas LGD Association, Tom Green County Farm Bureau
LGD Breeders – Finder Maremmas, Glen Enterprises, Pfeuffer Ranch, Stoffels Family Farm, WW Livestock Dogs

Feeding LGDs

This month, we will finish a two-part series on feeding an LGD. Last month, we discussed nutrition, health, and commercial vs. raw feed for dogs. This month, we will look at ways to feed your LGD and how much they should be fed. For more information and to learn about our feeding stations and improved self-feeders, please contact us at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo.

How to Feed an LGD.
For most large producers, a feeding station is the best option for their livestock guardian dogs (LGDs), as it allows all dogs to eat when

AgriLife LGD feeding station. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo 2019.

hungry. Placing a feeding station at every water source is best so the LGDs do not have to leave the livestock to feed. Livestock will go to water at least every other day, allowing the LGDs to eat simultaneously. We have made several improvements to self-feeders to make them sturdier and more straightforward to mount in a station. It is also essential to provide a latch on the top to prevent varmints from opening the lid. We recommend using a jump gate of some design for an LGD to enter the feeding station. Gates that do not allow a dog to jump into a station frequently have large holes dug by the gate, which eventually allow feral hogs and livestock to enter, wasting dog food unless the station is regularly relocated.

If choosing to hand-feed the LGDs, a producer will want huge, durable dog bowls. We recommend stainless steel bowls with a sloped side, so they are not easily tipped over. Hand feeding may be a better option for smaller producers as it keeps the dogs socialized and allows them to check for body condition scores daily. For older dogs with joint pain, a raised bowl may be easier for them to eat out of and maintain their body condition score.

AgriLife improved self-feeder. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo 2021.

Stainless steel sloped dog food bowl. AgriLife picture courtesy of temu.com, 2024

How Often Should an LGD Be Fed?
If hand feeding, we recommend feeding adults once a day and young puppies three times a day. We move weaned puppies over to self-feeders as soon as possible to decrease the workload and acclimate them to what they will use on our ranches. Producers using self-feeders should regularly monitor their LGD feeders for adequate levels. We check our self-feeders at least three times a week.

It is essential only to fill a self-feeder with enough kibble until you plan to return. This keeps the feed fresh in the warmer months and does not supply varmints with substantial amounts of feed. It is best to check with the dog’s breeder and a vet to ensure proper feed for a specific LGD. Again, using the dog’s body condition score is the easiest way to ensure they consume enough kibble. Improper feeding can lead to health issues and resource guarding of feed. Neither is good for an LGD or the bottom line!

Generic feeding label on a bag of feed. AgriLife picture courtesy of Nestle Purina, 2022.

How Much Should an LGD Be Fed?
The amount to feed an LGD will depend on its age, weight, and activity level. We recommend following the recommendation on the dog food bag and double-checking with a vet. It is best to calculate the amount of kibble based on the caloric content of the food being fed and the dog’s activity level, weight, and age. However, this can be a time-consuming process if the feed changes regularly.

Also, it is important to remember that dog food is measured in cups. While a cup is 8 ounces, due to the pore space of the kibble, a regular measuring cup contains approximately 5 ounces of kibble. It is essential to adjust the feeding amount for that variance. Intact females in the latter half of pregnancy and lactating dogs will need more kibble than the rest of the pack. Injured, ill, and older dogs often have different food requirements. Be sure to check with a vet for the correct feed for an LGD. Puppies must also be on full feed until they are at least a year old, as LGD mature slowly. As always, refer to a veterinarian for a recommendation on appropriate amounts of feed.

Bonding Project Update

Round Six

Dasher has undergone retraining for killing lambs at his producer’s ranch. We placed him wearing a shock collar in a field with lambing ewes. We observed him daily, and every time a ewe lambed and he came near the lambs, we shocked him. This training lasted for two weeks, after which we returned him to the producer. Hopefully, this has cured him of killing newborn lambs.
Lulu and Comet are still doing well in Mc Camey and are no longer leaving the ranch. Lady is also doing well in Ozona and is staying close to her sheep. Blitzen is still at the Center, guarding goats that will go back to Menard when they are done kidding. Lilly went out to the Read Ranch in Ozona last month to guard some sheep.

Round Seven

The “D pups” in their temporary safe pen inside the cattle bonding pen. AgriLife photo courtesy of Sustaita 2025

The “D pups” (Duke, Dozer, Delta, and Diesel) are all doing well. They went into their bonding pens in mid-April with several light-weight weaned calves on loan from Sul Ross University for this project. The pups were temporarily housed in a joint pen with the calves while we completed the other pen area. The pups are in bonding pens with hot wire at the base and will stay in the pens until they are 6 months old. At that time, they will be placed into 100-acre training pastures with the calves.

We were concerned that the pups might get injured, so we have created an enclosure for them near the cattle’s feeding area. This allows the pups to receive exposure to the calves while remaining safe until they are 3 months old. At that time, we will enable them to leave the enclosure area, but keep it open in case the calves bully them. We are socializing the dogs three to four days a week and giving them leash and tether training, along with vehicle rides, each week.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

If you are seeking information on LGDs, please visit our website, which features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – April 2025

Posted on April 17, 2025 by bill.costanzo

The Texas LGD Association had its fifth anniversary last month. While it was a rocky start due to COVID-19, the association has steadily grown in membership each year and elected new board members in January. The association is made up of LGD breeders and producers. It was initially designed to be a Texas organization, but now includes members and breeders across the US! We encourage all LGD breeders and ranchers to join the organization. One of its goals is to work against legislative issues in the state that could hinder the effective use of LGDs for ranchers. If you want to join the association, please use this link to the association’s website.

If you have not visited our Facebook page recently, you have been missing our new posts. We are now posting almost daily on Facebook and Instagram. Each week, we have new, updated posts on training tips, health tips, and facts. You can follow us online @TAMUlivestockguarddog on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube.

The Texas Sheep and Goat Raisers Association and the Sheep and Goat Predator Management Board hosted a Trapping Clinic again this year. The event was held on April 11-12 in El Dorado at the X Bar Ranch. I attended the event last year and again this year and learned a lot of valuable information about predator control. I strongly encourage everyone involved in predator control and ranching to attend next year’s event.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

SAVE THE DATE! We will host the 9^th Annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo on May 2nd from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The event will feature four workshops, a producer panel, and a ranch tour. Presenters for the event will include Dr. John Tomecek (AgriLife Wildlife Specialist) and Dr. Walter Burghardt (Canine Behaviorist). Vendors and dog breeders will be present. Lunch and morning refreshments will be provided. Follow our social media pages, TAMUlivestockguarddog, for more information. Check the events page on our website to register for the event!

Feeding LGDs

Feeding LGDs by hand can be time-consuming, but it allows you to do health checks and socialize your dog regularly. Self-feeding is much easier and less time-consuming. However, it creates a feed source for varmints and livestock. This month, we will start a two-part series on what to feed, how to feed, and problems to avoid when feeding an LGD.

What should an LGD Be Fed?

LGD breeds should be fed high-quality commercial food; alternatively, if there is time in the day and nutrition knowledge, they can have a carefully balanced raw diet. However, few people have that time and expertise, so we recommend purchasing a quality commercial kibble with animal protein as the first ingredient. LGDs have historically lived on marginal diets, and small property owners must be careful not to overfeed their dogs. LGDs working on large ranches are rarely overweight, as they burn many calories daily.

LGD Nutrition and Health

Whether it is a large Pyrenees Mastiff or a smaller Maremma, all breeds of LGDs were traditionally bred to thrive on a minimal diet. While they are large dog breeds requiring substantial food, feeding them appropriately is important. Healthy adult LGDs should exhibit a lean appearance. A healthy dog will have a defined waist, as indicated by Nestle Purina’s body condition scoring system. Body condition scoring is the simplest way to determine whether an LGD is properly weighed. If used regularly, producers can accurately assess the dog’s appropriate BCS and make necessary dietary adjustments.

Puppies must be kept within a healthy weight range. It is preferable for them to be slightly overweight rather than underweight, as they can overgrow and become too thin if they do not receive enough food. Large-breed dogs should grow slowly to mitigate the risk of health problems later. The main concerns are osteochondrosis, hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and panosteitis.

Osteochondrosis in dogs is a general failure of cartilage to develop properly, which can lead to osteochondritis dissecans. It is considered an inherited disorder, but other factors, such as trauma, rapid growth, and nutrition, may also contribute. Symptoms include joint pain, lameness, and reduced movement. Hip dysplasia in dogs is marked by abnormal hip joint development, resulting in pain and permanent joint damage. Elbow dysplasia in dogs is less common but causes swelling, pain, and eventually arthritis in the elbows of LGDs. Irregular development of the bones in the elbow joint leads to uneven weight distribution, resulting in lameness and arthritis.

Panosteitis is a painful bone condition in dogs that affects the long leg bones of young large breed dogs. It is also known as “growing pains” and typically occurs between the ages of 5 and 18 months. The inflammation may involve one or multiple bones and can cause intermittent lameness. If feeding a commercial kibble, buy ‘large breed’ puppy and dog food for the LGDs. This will help maintain their growth and weight while decreasing the chances of the diseases listed above.

What to Feed LGD Breeds: Commercial Vs. Raw Dog Food

The debate over commercial food versus raw food is significant among dog owners. The foundation of raw food diets is that wild canines consume raw food. Since dogs are closely related to wild canines, their optimal diet should also consist of raw foods. While many LGD owners advocate raw food diets, we believe that this may not be the best approach. We strongly recommend consulting a veterinarian or canine nutritionist to safely and effectively implement this diet. Others contend that domesticated dogs possess a digestive system sufficiently different from their wild ancestors, making it unreasonable to assume they should follow the same diet.

Dogs’ digestive systems are tailored to a more varied diet because they have been domesticated for thousands of years. Science has shown that their digestive and body systems have evolved to require more carbohydrates than their wild canine relatives. A balanced approach is the best diet for LGDs. If raw meat is available to supplement their commercial kibble during the year after hunting season or when livestock are butchered, feed it! If not, we do not suggest purchasing raw feed for an LGD.

We feed high-quality, mid-level protein, high-fat commercial kibble to our LGDs at the Center. Since adopting this ratio, our dogs have never looked better, are more active, and have fewer health issues. The old saying, “You get what you pay for,” applies to dog food, just like it does for livestock feed. You would likely not feed show animals only corn, so do not feed low-quality kibble from a large chain store. Dogs fed low-quality feed will be less active, leading to lower protection levels and more livestock predation.

We will conclude this article next month in the May issue of The Guardian Way.

Bonding Project Update

Round Six

Round six pups are healthy and doing well. We had an issue with Lilly about 10 days after placing her on the Menard ranch. In mid-March, she decided to roam off the ranch. Lilly traveled almost five miles east towards Hwy 83 one morning. She was within ¾ of a mile of the highway before she stopped, and we got her from a neighbor’s ranch. We returned Lilly that day to San Angelo for kennel punishment. She was kenneled for several days and returned to a pasture at the Center for observation and retraining with an invisible fence collar. After that, Lilly was placed with some sheep and has been placed at the Read Ranch in Ozona. She has been doing well at the new location on her own.

Lilly’s roaming pattern in March of 2025. Black outline is the Martin Ranch Boundary. AgriLife picture courtesy Costanzo 2025.

The pups in Mc Camey have not caused any teenage problems for the producer yet. Dasher was recently picked up from the producer in Ozona for retraining, as he had killed two newborn lambs. The kill was confirmed to be his because the ranch hand had gone to lunch while the lambs were alive. He returned from lunch 45 minutes later and found Dasher eating them. We brought Dasher back to the Center the next day for retraining, as this type of behavior can get out of hand quickly and lead to prey drive in a dog that should not have any predatory instincts.

The best way to stop this type of adolescent behavior is with an E-collar. Dasher will be placed in a pen with an E-collar on and add some young lambs. He will be observed from a distance, and anytime he goes near the lambs, we will shock him at the highest setting. We observe from a distance so that the dog does not think the shock is caused by humans. We want him to believe the shock is caused by the lambs. He will not be shocked if he approaches an adult animal since he is not chasing or chewing on ewes or rams. The training will be performed daily for approximately 15 minutes for 10 days.

Round Seven

We have secured four Maremma puppies for the cattle bonding project in round seven. They arrived on April 6th to

Round 7 Maremma puppies Duke, Diesel, Dozer, and Delta. AgriLife photo courtesy of Costanzo 2025.

start the project. A separate set of pens will be used for the cattle bonding project, so this time there will also be a set of puppies bonded with sheep and goats for AgriLife use.

The puppies will be bonded in pairs, this time within pens surrounded by hot wire at the base. Since we are bonding with weaned calves, the puppies will be placed in an enclosure next to the cattle feeder for the first 30 days to prevent injury. This will keep them safe while allowing the pups to be exposed to the calves during feeding. The pups in round 7 of the bonding project are Duke, Diesel, Dozer, and Delta.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

Are seeking information on LGDs, visit our website. It features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – March 2025

Posted on March 6, 2025 by bill.costanzo

As predicted in the Farmer’s Almanac, February did not disappoint with chilly weather. Below-average cold temperatures prevailed in many parts of the state last month. Hopefully, everyone took preventative measures ahead of time to keep their pipes from freezing.

Freeze Miser devices attached to a faucet and a water trough valve. AgriLife photos courtesy of Costanzo and www.freezemiser.com 2025

One new product we tried out at my place, called the Freeze Miser, worked extremely well at keeping the lines from freezing. I have also gotten pictures from ranchers saying it will keep a trough from freezing over. You can buy the device with a “Y” which is what I did so that I could still use the water hose when needed. At approximately $30 each, they are not cheap if you have a lot of valves to keep from freezing. I think over time; the cost is worth the hassle of going out and breaking ice on troughs or dealing with frozen lines.

The Texas Sheep and Goat Raisers Association is hosting a Trapping Clinic again this year on April 11-12 in El Dorado at the X Bar Ranch. I attended the event last year near Lampasas and learned a lot of valuable information. Last year, all the presenters were working trappers in the state with decades of knowledge. Everything from looking for signs and tracks to setting assorted styles of traps and snares was covered with hands-on demonstrations and practice by participants. I would strongly encourage everyone who needs a refresher in trapping or is new to predator control to attend the event. You will not be disappointed! Contact Darci at TSGRA to register for the event.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

SAVE THE DATE! We will host the 9^th Annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo on May 2nd from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The event will feature workshops, a producer panel, and a ranch tour. Vendors and dog breeders will be present. Lunch and morning refreshments will be provided. Follow our social media pages, TAMUlivestockguarddog, for more information. Check the events page on our

Producers at a field day in 2022 in Ozona. AgriLife photo courtesy of Redden 2022.

website to register for the event!

SAVE THE DATE! Our next webinar will be on May 15^th. It will be a producer Q&A panel event featuring several users of LGDs in Texas. Follow our Facebook page, TAMUlivestockguardog, for more information as the event approaches!

Is a Male or Female LGD Better?

This month, we will conclude our three-part series on male versus female LGDs. Last month, we explored the traits of male and female LGDs. This month, we will wrap up the series by looking at running same-sex or different-sex dogs and whether fixed or intact dogs are better to run.

Running Same-Sex or Different-Sex LGDs

The topic of mixed-gender dog handling elicits a variety of perspectives within the canine community. Some experts assert that dogs of the same sex may exhibit a higher propensity for conflict, particularly concerning food, territorial disputes, and interactions with their handlers. However, the key to successful cohabitation is the quality of the training provided to the dog. This emphasis on training makes the owner responsible and controls the dog’s behavior. Proper training and bonding are critical to the success of any LGD pack.

Mike and Wilma are a male and female pair on a ranch in Ft. Stockton, TX. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo 2023.

Should Producers Neuter or Spay Their LGDs?

We strongly recommend spaying and neutering all LGDs to decrease the chances of roaming, resource guarding, and dog-on-dog aggression. As we have discussed, intact dogs create more management problems for producers. Just like there are registered livestock breeders from which to purchase male and female replacements, there are also LGD breeders. These breeders are better equipped than most producers to breed and raise quality LGDs. We encourage producers to locate quality LGD breeders and purchase their dogs from them instead of raising their own.

In conclusion, the decision to utilize either mixed-gender or same-gender livestock guardian dogs should be informed by individual preferences, individual experiences, and the specific roles assigned to dogs. These considerations and each dog’s unique personality traits and breeding will be more effective predictors of success than merely selecting dogs based on gender.be based on personal preference, individual experience, and the dogs’ purposes. These variables, along with the dog’s personality and breeding, will be the best indicators of success, rather than simply choosing dogs based on whether they are male or female.

Bonding Project Update

Round Six

The pups in round six are all doing well and are still on their ranches. They are right in the middle of their adolescent time, and we have had minimal issues as in the past with dogs. Lilly was seen chasing livestock once, and we applied a dangle stick to her, which stopped her behavior. Blitzen was also patrolling outside his pastures at ASU on a couple of occasions, and we resolved that issue by moving him to a large pasture and applying an invisible fence collar on him for retraining. Both dogs are doing well now. Lulu and Comet were moved to another location on their ranch away from the wind farm shop, which also stopped their wandering. Lady and Dasher are doing well and have not had any issues on their ranch in Ozona.

Round Seven

We will bond dogs with lightweight calves in round seven of the bonding project, starting mid-April. We are looking for four dogs, 8-week-old pups of the same breed and sex. Maremma or Karakachans are preferred for this project since they tend to be close proximity breeds. If you have any pups that would fit the project, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu

The research project will examine whether LGDs bonded to cattle can push coyotes out of the Rita Blanca National Grasslands, allow Swift foxes to repopulate the area, and balance the ecosystem. Coyotes prey on the foxes, and the plan is for the LGDs to create a territory that will push them out, allow them to return to satisfactory numbers, and keep them from being listed as an endangered species.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

If you are seeking information on LGDs, visit our website. It features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – February 2025

Posted on February 13, 2025 by bill.costanzo

According to long-range forecasts, chilly weather will persist through the end of February. Ensure you provide plenty of dry bedding and fresh water for your LGDs. Dogs need fresh water like your livestock, even during cold weather. The dog’s double coat can easily keep them warm in dry, freezing conditions. If their coats become soaked from heavy rain and the weather is incredibly windy and below freezing, dry them thoroughly before allowing them to return to work!

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

Kangal dog on alert. AgriLife picture courtesy of the 101breeds.com 2024.

Our upcoming LGD webinar is scheduled for February 26th at 2 p.m. Tamara Taylor from Turkmen Kangal Dogs, Patteran Akbash, and Dairy Goats will lead a session on the Kangal breed. Mrs. Taylor has been involved with LGDs for over 35 years and has supplied Akbash and Kangal dogs for multiple USDA/APHIS research projects in the Western States. Please check our website and social media pages for more information or to register for the event.

SAVE THE DATE! We will be hosting the annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo on May 2nd from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The event will feature workshops, a producer panel, and a ranch tour. Vendors and dog breeders will be present. Lunch and morning refreshments will be provided. Follow our social media pages @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information. Check the events page on our website to register for the event!

Is a Male or Female LGD Better?

This month, we will continue our three-part series on male versus female LGDs. Last month, we examined some common misconceptions producers have regarding the guarding styles of male and female LGDs. This month, we will explore the traits of male and female LGDs. We will conclude our series in March.

Common Male LGD Traits

The larger size of male livestock guardian dogs is their most significant advantage. While both male and female LGD breeds are large dogs, males tend to be slightly taller and heavier overall. Ranchers report that male LGDs possess heightened territorial instincts, which may lead them to conduct more perimeter patrols. They mark their territory with urine during these patrols, deterring other canine predators. However, it’s important to note that females also mark their territory!

Male LGDs do have some drawbacks. They often take longer to mature, requiring more time and commitment to train them as reliable guardians. Aggression towards other dogs can be a concern with intact male LGDs; however, it’s crucial to recognize that some female LGDs can display similar aggressive behaviors. Additionally, intact males can become easily distracted by females in heat, encompassing not just those of their breed but also any nearby female dog. It’s also noteworthy that intact males may show increased aggression towards each other when vying for a female in heat.

Common Female LGD Traits

Ranchers claim that female LGDs tend to stay close to the herd or flock, providing close proximity protection. Producers also state that female LGDs are more nurturing and protective of newborn and young livestock. However, several research studies have shown no significant differences in the guarding abilities of males compared to females, or of fixed versus intact dogs. Additionally, we have not observed any differences in the guarding abilities of dogs in our own research study. We consider the anecdotal information about female LGDs to be inaccurate, based on studies conducted by other researchers as well as our LGD project findings. The primary advantage of having female livestock guardian dogs is that they mature faster. Some also suggest that they are more obedient. If this is true, it would require less training and allow more time for the dogs to serve as reliable guardians.

Jan and Betty are a female team on a producer’s ranch near Sonora, TX. AgriLife picture courtesy of Costanzo 2022.

There are downsides to female LGDs as well. The most significant issues arise in unspayed females. Females often become distracted when they are in heat. They may focus more on reproduction than on their duties as LGDs and can become aggressive with other dogs. Their heat cycles can also create problems by attracting outside dogs and potentially distracting male livestock guardian dogs within their pack.

Female LGDs will be less effective if they have a litter of puppies that require their attention. Pregnancy can also be challenging for a female’s body. Dogs with multiple closely spaced pregnancies may wear down more quickly and be replaced sooner than spayed or neutered dogs. While not common, female dogs can interbreed with wolves and coyotes, resulting in large, dangerous feral dogs.

For more information on this topic, be sure to check out our blog next month!

Bonding Project Update

Round Six Dogs

The pups are all doing well on their ranches. Last month, we observed Lilly chasing animals a couple of times. She is at the Center and has been wearing a dangle stick for a few weeks to modify her behavior. If that doesn’t work, we may need to pen her with some mature rams and billies. Producers must remember that training aids are not intended to be permanent solutions to the issue. We have the dogs wear the devices for a month, then remove them to see if the harmful behavior has decreased or stopped. If it has not, the device is reapplied for another 30 days. At that point, we remove it again and observe the dog’s behavior. If the behavior has not stopped, we will reapply the device for 30 days. If, after that, the behavior continues, we will switch to another method to change the dog’s behavior.

Adult LGDs

All adult dogs received their annual vaccinations and heartworm prevention in January. We are now safeguarding dogs against heartworm infection, even with the minimal risk in our area. The spread of heartworm is rising in regions not typically associated with the disease,

Blitzen (left) and Waylon in a pasture at ASU. AgriLife picture courtesy of Sustaita, 2024.

largely due to the increased movement of rescue dogs across state lines. These dogs often carry the disease and transmit it to noninfected dogs through mosquito bites. We recommend checking with your local veterinarian for further information.

Waylon and Penny are thriving as Blitzen and Lilly’s canine teachers. Both adult dogs have adapted well to having a teenager in their pastures. Recently, Blitzen was patrolling outside his pastures, so we kenneled him for a few days and started invisible fence training again. Blitzen and Lilly will leave the Center at the end of February or early March to guard the goat herd in Menard.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe using this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have any feedback about this article or would like to propose topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

If you’re seeking information on LGDs, visit our website. It features factsheets, global research on LGDs, and case studies we’ve conducted.

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube under @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

The Guardian Way – January 2025

Posted on January 14, 2025 by bill.costanzo

Winter has arrived! As I sit in my office writing this blog, it’s currently 33 degrees outside with a wind chill of only 24 degrees. Ensure your LGDs have plenty of dry bedding and a place to get out of the wind. Hypothermia is a possibility if LGDs are drenched from rain and the temperature drops below freezing with strong winds. You may need to bring the dogs into the barn and dry them thoroughly before allowing them to return to work. A livestock blower with heat will work well and do the job quickly!

We are starting our seventh year of writing The Guardian Way blog in 2025! The blog was originally more of a monthly newsletter with more articles and producer interviews in 2019-2021. In 2021, we changed to the current format, with some updates and a feature article most months.

Thanks for all the positive comments on the “Christmas Guardian” story in last month’s blog. I think Gus and Duke will return when I have time to write another tale about their travels and adventures on the Harris Ranch.

AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program: Update and Events

The Texas LGD Association will host a field day in Lampasas, TX, on Saturday, January 18^th, at the Lampasas County Livestock Show Barn. The event will be held from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Several different workshops, a breeder panel, vendors, and an association meeting will be held. Check out the Texas LGD Association Facebook pages for more information.

Our next LGD webinar will be held on February 26^th at 2 p.m. Tamara Taylor from Turkmen Kangal Dogs, Patteran Akbash, and Dairy Goats will present a webinar on the Kangal breed. Ms. Taylor has been involved with LGDs for over 35 years and has provided Akbash and Kangal dogs for several USDA/APHIS research projects in the Western States. Check our website and social media pages for more information.

SAVE THE DATE! We will host the annual AgriLife LGD Field Day at the AgriLife Center in San Angelo on May 2nd from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The event will include several workshops, a producer panel, and a ranch tour. Vendors and dog breeders will be on site. Lunch and morning refreshments will be provided. Follow our social media pages @TAMUlivestockguarddog for more information.

Is a Male or Female LGD Better?

We will start a three-part series this month on male vs female LGDs. When choosing a livestock guardian dog (LGD), the age-old question of

Sam (rear) and Susie are two Akbash dogs at the AgriLife Sonora Station. This picture shows the difference in size between adult males and females. AgriLife picture courtesy of Brown, 2022.

whether to get a male or female LGD often arises. While some believe that males are more aggressive and likely to roam and protect the perimeter, and females tend to stay with the livestock, it’s crucial to remember that these are generalizations. In reality, the dog’s breeding and personality are far more critical factors to consider than gender.

While both sexes of LGDs are effective, it may be essential to consider whether dogs of the same or different genders should work together. The problem of fixing the dogs also comes into question when considering running mixed-sex livestock guardian dogs together, along with the cost difference at the veterinary office.

Differences Between Male and Female LGDs

The following chart shows the anecdotal evidence collected from producers regarding male and female livestock guardian dogs. Many owners swear by these observations, however, scientific data to back up these claims is difficult to corroborate or nonexistent.

The disadvantages of intact dogs are real and can create dangerous problems for LGDs in a pack. Dogs are individuals, just as humans are. They all have unique personalities. However, some fundamental physical differences between male and female livestock guardian dogs may influence which gender to purchase.

For more information on this topic check out our blog next month!

Bonding Project Update

Round Six Dogs

Lilly (front) and Penny with their sheep in San Angelo. AgriLife picture courtesy of Sustaita, 2024.

Lilly, Lady, Dasher, and Blitzen are all doing well at their ranches. Lulu and Comet are getting along well but regularly leave their ranch boundaries. They are frequently traveling onto a wind farm next to their ranch across a cattle guard when the wind farm employees leave the gate open. They have also visited the shop area several times, making friends with the employees. Blitzen and Lilly will join the Menard pack to assist Sara with the goats in late February or early March. They are both doing well in San Angelo. Blitzen has been learning the guardian way from Waylon, who is on loan to ASU, and Lilly has been paired up with Penny. Both sets of dogs are getting along well together. Lady and Dasher are staying with their sheep in Ozona and have been seen separated a few times as the herd moves in different directions. We like to hear reports from producers about that behavior so that the herd is not unprotected at any point.

Adult LGDs

All the adult dogs are doing well on their ranches. Sara is guarding goats, and Thelma is with the sheep in Menard. Sam and Susie are in Ozona at the Read Ranch, guarding goats. Thor and Hulk are at the Sonora Station guarding sheep and goats. Waylon, Wyatt, Penny, and Duchess are all at the Center in San Angelo, guarding sheep and goats. Waylon is still on loan to ASU as they plan to implement LGDs to protect their livestock. We still have not found Goliath in Ozona. He has been missing since October 2024. If anyone has any information or believes they have seen him near Taylor Box Rd, please contact me at 325-657-7311 or via email at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu.

In closing

If you enjoyed this monthly LGD blog, please remember to subscribe to it with this link: The Guardian Way | Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo.

If you have feedback on this article or would like to suggest topics for future articles, webinars, or workshops, please contact me at bill.costanzo@ag.tamu.edu or 325-657-7311.

If you are looking for information on LGDs, make sure to check out our website. It contains factsheets, research from around the world on LGDs, and case studies we have conducted.

The Texas A&M AgriLife Livestock Guardian Dog Program is a cooperative effort by Texas A&M AgriLife and the Texas Sheep and Goat Predator Management Board. Follow us on our social media sites and share them with your friends and family!

Facebook, Instagram, YouTube: @TAMUlivestockguarddog

Remember to check out the Texas LGD Association online! You can follow the organization on Facebook or YouTube at @TexasLGDAssociation or visit its website.

Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at San Angelo

The Guardian Way: October 2025

The Guardian Way – September 2025

The Guardian Way – August 2025

The Guardian Way – July 2025

The Guardian Way – June 2025

The Guardian Way – June 2025

The Guardian Way – April 2025

The Guardian Way – March 2025

The Guardian Way – February 2025

The Guardian Way – January 2025

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